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| 1 | Etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis显示文摘Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by progressive bile duct destruction eventually leading to cirrhosis and liver failure.The serological hallmark of the disease is the presence of circulating antimitochondrial antibodies(AMA).These reflect the presence of autoreactive T and B cells to the culprit antigens,the E2 subunits of mitochondrial 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase enzymes,chiefly pyruvate dehydrogenase(PDC-E2).The disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors.Genetic predisposition is indicated by the higher familial incidence of the disease particularly among siblings and the high concordance rate among monozygotic twins.Environmental triggering events appear crucial to disrupt a pre-existing unstable immune tolerance of genetic origin allowing,after a long latency,the emergence of clinical disease.Initiating mimetopes of the vulnerable epitope of the PDC-E2 autoantigen can be derived from microbes that utilize the PDC enzyme or,alternatively,environmental xenobiotics/chemical compounds that modify the structure of native proteins to make them immunogenic.A further alternative as a source of antigen is PDC-E2 derived from apoptotic cells.In the effector phase the biliary ductular cell,by reason of itsproclivity to express the antigen PDC-E2 in the course of apoptosis,undergoes a multilineage immune attack comprised of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and antibody.In this article,we critically review the available evidence on etiopathogenesis of PBC and present interpretations of complex data,new developments and theories,and nominate directions for future research. | Ana Lleo Pietro Invernizzi Ian R Mackay Harry Prince Ren-Qian Zhong M Eric Gershwin | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，21： | 9 |
| 2 | Piperine,an active ingredient of black pepper attenuates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice显示文摘Objective:To explore the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of piperine against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.Methods:In mice,hepatotoxicity was induced by a single dose of acetaminophen(900 mg/kg b.w.i.p.).Piperine(25 mg/kg b.w.i.p.) and standard drug silymarin(25 mg/kg b.w.i.p.) were given to mice,30 min after the single injection of acetaminophen.After 4 h,the mice were decapitated.Activities of liver marker enzymes [(aspartate transaminase(AST),alanine transaminase(ALT),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)]and inflammatory mediator tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) were estimated in serum,while lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status(superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase,glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione) were determined in liver homogenate of control and experimental mice.Results:Acetaminophen induction(900 mg/kg b.w.i.p.) significantly increased the levels of liver marker enzymes,TNF-α,and lipid peroxidation,and caused the depletion of antioxidant status.Piperine and silymarin treatment to acetaminophen challenged mice resulted in decreased liver marker enzymes activity,TNF-αand lipid peroxidation levels with increase in antioxidant status.Conclusions:The results clearly demonstrate that piperine shows promising hepatoprotective effect as comparable to standard drug silymarin. | Evan Prince Sabina Annie Deborah Harris Souriyan Deborah Jackline Mahaboob Khan Rasool | 2010 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine2010，3，12： | 7 |
| 3 | ^sup 11^C-Dihydrotetrabenazine PET of the Pancreas in Subjects with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes and in Healthy Controls显示文摘 | Goland Robin Freeby Matthew Parsey Ramin Saisho Yoshifumi Kumar Dileep Simpson Norman Hirsch Joy Prince Martin Maffei Antonella Mann J John Butler Peter C Van Heertum Ronald Leibel Rudolph L Ichise Masanori Harris Paul E | 2009 | The Journal of Nuclear Medicine2009，，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Lancet全球精神卫牛系列论文:1年回顾显示文摘1年多前,Lancet杂志发表了一系列(5篇)论文专门描述全球精神卫生的现状,集中关注低收入及中等收入国家的精神卫生问题。该系列最后一篇文章呼吁,应逐步健全精神疾病患者的循证医学服务体系,并承诺保护其人权。该系列论文及其提出的行动倡议已经得到全球卫生机构权威人上的支持(框表1)。1年来,全球精神卫生行动咨询小组对该系列论文的影响力进行了评估,并重点调查了该倡议的执行情况。虽然1年的时间很短,难以观察到有价值或最终的标志性事件,但其真正目的并非如此,而是旨在观察自论文发表以来有关各方的承诺反应及其采取的总体方针。 | Vikram Patel Preston Garrison Jair de Jesus Mari Harry Minas Martin Prince Shekhar Saxena | 2009 | 世界临床医学2009，，8： | 0 |
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