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| 1 | clusterProfiler 4.0:A universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data显示文摘Functional enrichment analysis is pivotal for interpreting highthroughput omics data in life science.It is crucial for this type of tool to use the latest annotation databases for as many organisms as possible.To meet these requirements,we present here an updated version of our popular Bioconductor package,clusterProfiler 4.0.This package has been enhanced considerably compared with its original version published 9 years ago.The new version provides a universal interface for functional enrichment analysis in thousands of organisms based on internally supported ontologies and pathways as well as annotation data provided by users or derived from online databases.It also extends the dplyr and ggplot2 packages to offer tidy interfaces for data operation and visualization.Other new features include gene set enrichment analysis and comparison of enrichment results from multiple gene lists.We anticipate that clusterProfiler 4.0 will be applied to a wide range of scenarios across diverse organisms. | Tianzhi Wu Erqiang Hu Shuangbin Xu Meijun Chen Pingfan Guo Zehan Dai Tingze Feng Lang Zhou Wenli Tang Li Zhan Xiaocong Fu Shanshan Liu Xiaochen Bo Guangchuang Yu | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，3： | 40 |
| 2 | Mechanisms of Plant Responses and Adaptation to Soil Salinity显示文摘Soil salinity is a major environmental stress that restricts the growth and yield of crops.Understanding the physiological,metabolic,and biochemical responses of plants to salt stress and mining the salt tolerance-associated genetic resource in nature will be extremely important for us to cultivate salt-tolerant crops.In this review,we provide a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms of salt stress responses in plants,including salt stress-triggered physiological responses,oxidative stress,salt stress sensing and signaling pathways,organellar stress,ion homeostasis,hormonal and gene expression regulation,metabolic changes,as well as salt tolerance mechanisms in halophytes.Important questions regarding salt tolerance that need to be addressed in the future are discussed. | Chunzhao Zhao Heng Zhang Chunpeng Song Jian-Kang Zhu Sergey Shabala | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，1： | 25 |
| 3 | Orderly Porous Covalent Organic Frameworks-based Materials:Superior Adsorbents for Pollutants Removal from Aqueous Solutions显示文摘Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are a new type of crystalline porous polymers known for chemical stability,excellent structural regularity,robust framework,and inherent porosity,making them promising materials for capturing various types of pollutants from aqueous solutions.This review thoroughly presents the recent progress and advances of COFs and COF-based materials as superior adsorbents for the efficient removal of toxic heavy metal ions,radionuclides,and organic pollutants.Information about the interaction mechanisms between various pollutants and COF-based materials are summarized from the macroscopic and microscopic standpoints,including batch experiments,theoretical calculations,and advanced spectroscopy analysis.The adsorption properties of various COF-based materials are assessed and compared with other widely used adsorbents.Several commonly used strategies to enhance COF-based materials’adsorption performance and the relationship between structural property and sorption ability are also discussed.Finally,a summary and perspective on the opportunities and challenges of COFs and COF-based materials are proposed to provide some inspiring information on designing and fabricating COFs and COF-based materials for environmental pollution management. | Xiaolu Liu Hongwei Pang Xuewei Liu Qian Li Ning Zhang Liang Mao Muqing Qiu Baowei Hu Hui Yang Xiangke Wang | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，1： | 12 |
| 4 | Carbon neutrality:Toward a sustainable future显示文摘Carbon neutrality refers to net-zero carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions attained by balancing the emission of CO2 with its removal so as to stop its increase in the atmosphere that causes global warming.As of February 2021,124 countries had pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 or 2060.This is a remarkable development reached after the annual United Nations Conference of the Parties of 1995,in particular those of Kyoto(1997),Bonn(2001),Bali(2007),and Paris(2015),with progressively more concrete binding commitments to emission reduction by the parties(countries). | Jing M.Chen | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，3： | 10 |
| 5 | New Lunar Samples Returned by Chang’e-5:Opportunities for New Discoveries and International Collaboration显示文摘On December 16^(th),2020 at 17:59 UTC,the sample capsule of Chang’e-5 successfully landed at Dorbod Banner,Inner Mongolia,China.It is a milestone for the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program(CLEP),which has achieved the goals of its first three phases:orbiting,landing,and sample return.China becomes the third country to return samples from the Moon after the United States and the Soviet Union.Forty-four years since the Luna 24 mission in 1976,new lunar samples have been returned to Earth. | Wei Yang Yangting Lin | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，1： | 8 |
| 6 | Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage显示文摘It has recently become clear that several human lineages coexisted with Homo sapiens during the late Middle and Late Pleistocene.Here,we report an archaic human fossil that throws new light on debates concerning the diversification of the Homo genus and the origin of H.sapiens.The fossil was recovered in Harbin city in northeastern China,with a minimum uranium-series age of 146 ka.This cranium is one of the best preserved Middle Pleistocene human fossils.Its massive size,with a large cranial capacity(1,420 mL)falling in the range of modern humans,is combined with a mosaic of primitive and derived characters.It differs from all the other named Homo species by presenting a combination of features,such as long and low cranial vault,a wide and low face,large and almost square orbits,gently curved but massively developed supraorbital torus,flat and low cheekbones with a shallow canine fossa,and a shallow palate with thick alveolar bone supporting very large molars.The excellent preservation of the Harbin cranium advances our understanding of several less-complete late Middle Pleistocene fossils from China,which have been interpreted as local evolutionary intermediates between the earlier species Homo erectus and later H.sapiens.Phylogenetic analyses based on parsimony criteria and Bayesian tip-dating suggest that the Harbin cranium and some other Middle Pleistocene human fossils from China,such as those from Dali and Xiahe,form a third East Asian lineage,which is a part of the sister group of the H.sapiens lineage.Our analyses of such morphologically distinctive archaic human lineages from Asia,Europe,and Africa suggest that the diversification of the Homo genus may have had a much deeper timescale than previously presumed.Sympatric isolation of small populations combined with stochastic long-distance dispersals is the best fitting biogeographical model for interpreting the evolution of the Homo genus. | Xijun Ni Qiang Ji Wensheng Wu Qingfeng Shao Yannan Ji Chi Zhang Lei Liang Junyi Ge Zhen Guo Jinhua Li Qiang Li Rainer Grun Chris Stringer | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，3： | 6 |
| 7 | Salinization Increase due to Climate Change Will Have Substantial Negative Effects on Inland Waters: A Call for Multifaceted Research at the Local and Global Scale显示文摘Globally,temperature and precipitation patterns are predicted to change markedly as a result of climate change.Particularly,the regions with a cold or hot semi-arid climate and the Mediterranean climate zone are expected to be strongly affected.1,2 A 25%–30%decrease in precipitation and increased evaporation are expected by the end of the 21st century in the Mediterranean region,to be accompanied by an even stronger reduction in runoff of up to 30%–40%,1,2 and this will lead to increasing salinization of lakes in these areas. | Erik Jeppesen Meryem Beklioglu Korhan Ozkan Zuhal Akyurek | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，2： | 6 |
| 8 | Electroreduction of CO_(2) in Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes显示文摘Electroreduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to value-added chemicals and fuels is a promising approach for sustainable energy conversion and storage.Many electrocatalysts have been designed for this purpose and studied extensively.The role of the electrolyte is particularly interesting and is pivotal for designing electrochemical devices by taking advantage of the synergy between electrolyte and catalyst.Recently,ionic liquids as electrolytes have received much attention due to their high CO2 adsorption capacity,high selectivity,and low energy consumption. | Dexin Yang Qinggong Zhu Buxing Han | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，1： | 6 |
| 9 | Host-specific asymmetric accumulation of mutation types reveals that the origin of SARS-CoV-2 is consistent with a natural process显示文摘The capacity of RNA viruses to adapt to new hosts and rapidly escape the host immune system is largely attributable to de novo genetic diversity that emerges through mutations in RNA.Although the molecular spectrum of de novo mutations—the relative rates at which various base substitutions occur—are widely recognized as informative toward understanding the evolution of a viral genome,little attention has been paid to the possibility of using molecular spectra to infer the host origins of a virus.Here,we characterize the molecular spectrum of de novo mutations for SARS-CoV-2 from transcriptomic data obtained from virus-infected cell lines,enabled by the use of sporadic junctions formed during discontinuous transcription as molecular barcodes.We find that de novo mutations are generated in a replication-independent manner,typically on the genomic strand,and highly dependent on mutagenic mechanisms specific to the host cellular environment.De novo mutations will then strongly influence the types of base substitutions accumulated during SARS-CoV-2 evolution,in an asymmetric manner favoring specific mutation types.Consequently,similarities between the mutation spectra of SARS-CoV-2 and the bat coronavirus RaTG13,which have accumulated since their divergence strongly suggest that SARS-CoV-2 evolved in a host cellular environment highly similar to that of bats before its zoonotic transfer into humans.Collectively,our findings provide data-driven support for the natural origin of SARS-CoV-2. | Ke-Jia Shan Changshuo Wei Yu Wang Qing Huan Wenfeng Qian | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，4： | 6 |
| 10 | Overview of particulate air pollution and human health in China: Evidence, challenges, and opportunities显示文摘Ambient particulate matter(PM)pollution in China continues to be a major public health challenge.With the release of the new WHO air quality guidelines in 2021,there is an urgent need for China to contemplate a revision of air quality standards(AQS).In the recent decade,there has been an increase in epidemiological studies on PM in China.A comprehensive evaluation of such epidemiological evidence among the Chinese population is central for revision of the AQS in China and in other developing countries with similar air pollution problems.We thus conducted a systematic review on the epidemiological literature of PM published in the recent decade. | Qingli Zhang Xia Meng Su Shi Lena Kan Renjie Chen Haidong Kan | 2022 | The Innovation2022，3，6： | 5 |
| 11 | Restored relationship between ENSO andIndian summermonsoon rainfall around 1999/2000显示文摘El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)was identified as the dominant predictor for the Indian summer monsoon rainfall(ISMR)in the early 1900s.An apparent weakening of the ENSO–ISMR relationship has been observed since the 1970s.Here,we found a clear restoration of the ENSO–ISMR relationship since 1999/2000.This restoring relationship is closely linked to the interdecadal transition of ENSO evolution and the associated sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)over the tropical Atlantic.During 1979–1997,summer ENSO events mainly continued from the previous winter,which can drive apparent Atlantic Niña SSTAs to offset ENSO's impact on ISMR and weaken the ENSO–ISMR relationship.In contrast,when ENSO events newly emerge from late spring,as they have done more recently during 2000–2018,the associated tropical Atlantic SSTAs are weak and shift to the tropical North Atlantic,which can offset the contribution of Atlantic Niña and reinforce the ENSO–ISMR relationship.We identified that the diversity of ENSO's evolution,continuing from the previous winter or emerging from late spring,is the dominant factor perturbing the ENSO–ISMR relationship in recent epochs,with tropical Atlantic SSTAs as the crucial bridge.This finding should be considered in our efforts to improve ISMR prediction. | Xianke Yang Ping Huang | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，2： | 4 |
| 12 | DTDE:A new cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning framework显示文摘A significant body of work on reinforcement learning has been focused on the single-agent tasks where the agent aims to learn a policy thatmaximizes the cumulative reward in a dynamic environment.1 In the past decades,quite a few single-agent-based reinforcement learning algorithms have been developed in the literature.1 Yet,it is increasingly recognized that the single-agentbased reinforcement learning algorithms may fail to effectively handle largescale optimization(decision)tasks with joint features. | Guanghui Wen Junjie Fu Pengcheng Dai Jialing Zhou | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，4： | 4 |
| 13 | Features and futures of X-ray free-electron lasers显示文摘Linear accelerator-based free-electron lasers(FELs)are the leading source of fully coherent X-rays with ultra-high peak powers and ultrashort pulse lengths.Current X-ray FEL facilities have proved their worth as useful tools for diverse scientific applications.In this paper,we present an overview of the features and future prospects of X-ray FELs,including the working principles and properties of X-ray FELs,the operational status of different FEL facilities worldwide,the applications supported by such facilities,and the current developments and outlook for X-ray FEL-based research. | Nanshun Huang Haixiao Deng Bo Liu Dong Wang Zhentang Zhao | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，2： | 4 |
| 14 | Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Revealed by Interfacial Charge-Transfer Transitions显示文摘Surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)is a fingerprint spectral technique whose performance is highly dependent on the physicochemical properties of the substrate materials.In addition to the traditional plasmonic metal substrates that feature prominent electromagnetic enhancements,boosted SERS activities have been reported recently for various categories of non-metal materials,including graphene,MXenes,transition-metal chalcogens/oxides,and conjugated organic molecules.Although the structural compositions of these semiconducting substrates vary,chemical enhancements induced by interfacial charge transfer are often the major contributors to the overall SERS behavior,which is distinct from that of the traditional SERS based on plasmonic metals.Regarding charge-transfer-induced SERS enhancements,this short review introduces the basic concepts underlying the SERS enhancements,the most recent semiconducting substrates that use novel manipulation strategies,and the extended applications of these versatile substrates. | Shan Cong Xiaohong Liu Yuxiao Jiang Wei Zhang Zhigang Zhao | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，3： | 4 |
| 15 | Synergistic engineering of CRISPR-Cas nucleases enables robust mammalian genome editing显示文摘The naturally occurring prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems provide valuable resources for the development of new genome-editing tools.However,the majority of prokaryotic Cas nucleases exhibit poor editing efficiency in mammalian cells,which significantly limits their utility.Here,we have developed a method termed Improving Editing Activity by Synergistic Engineering(MIDAS).This method exerts a synergistic effect to improve mammalian genome-editing efficiency of a wide range of CRISPR-Cas systems by enhancing the interactions of Cas nuclease with the protospacer adjacent motif(PAM)and the single-stranded DNA(ssDNA)substrate in the catalytic pocket simultaneously.MIDAS robustly and significantly increased the gene-editing efficiency of Cas12i,Cas12b,and CasX in human cells.Notably,a Cas12i variant,Cas12iMax,exhibited robust activity with a very broad PAM range(NTNN,NNTN,NAAN,and NCAN)and higher efficiency than the current widely used Cas nucleases.A high-fidelity version of Cas12iMax(Cas12iHiFi)has been further engineered to minimize off-target effects.Our work provides an expandable and efficacious method for engineering Cas nucleases for robust mammalian genome editing. | Yangcan Chen Yanping Hu Xinge Wang Shengqiu Luo Ning Yang Yi Chen Zhikun Li Qi Zhou Wei Li | 2022 | The Innovation2022，3，4： | 3 |
| 16 | Distance Effect of Ni-Pt Dual Sites for Active Hydrogen Transfer in Tandem Reaction显示文摘Unveiling the distance effect between different sites in multifunctional catalysts remains a major challenge.Herein,we investigate the distance effect by constructing a dual-site distance-controlled tandem catalyst with a five-layered TiO2/Pt/TiO2/Ni/TiO2 tubular nanostructure by template-assisted atomic layer deposition.In this catalyst,the Ni and Pt sites are separated by a porous TiO2 interlayer,and the distance between them can be precisely controlled on the subnanometer scale by altering the thickness of the interlayer,while the inner and outer porous TiO2 layers are designed for structural stability.The catalyst exhibits superior performance for the tandem hydrazine hydrate decomposition to hydrogen and subsequent nitrobenzene hydrogenation when the Ni and Pt site distance is on the subnanometer level.The performance increases with the decrease of the distance and is better than the catalyst without the TiO2 interlayer.Isotopic and kinetic experiments reveal that the distance effect controls the transfer of active hydrogen,which is the rate-determining step of the tandem reaction in a water solvent.Reduced Ti species with oxygen vacancies on the TiO2 interlayer provide the active sites for hydrogen transfer with-Ti-OH surface intermediates via the continuous chemisorption/desorption of water.A smaller distance induces the generation of more active sites for hydrogen transfer and thus higher efficiency in the synergy of Ni and Pt sites.Our work provides new insight for the distance effect of different active sites and the mechanism of intermediate transfer in tandem reactions. | Huibin Wu Bin Zhang Haojie Liang Liming Zhai Guofu Wang Yong Qin | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，2： | 3 |
| 17 | Geochemical provenancing and direct dating of the Harbin archaic human cranium显示文摘As one of the most complete archaic human fossils,the Harbin cranium provides critical evidence for studying the diversification of the Homo genus and the origin of Homo sapiens.However,the unsystematic recovery of this cranium and a long and confused history since the discovery impede its accurate dating.Here,we carried out a series of geochemical analyses,including non-destructive X-ray fluorescence(XRF),rare earth elements(REE),and the Sr isotopes,to test the reported provenance of the Harbin cranium and get better stratigraphic constraints.The results show that the Harbin cranium has very similar XRF element distribution patterns,REE concentration patterns,and Sr isotopic compositions to those of the Middle Pleistocene-Holocene mammalian and human fossils recently recovered from the Harbin area.The sediments adhered in the nasal cavity of the Harbin cranium have a 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.711898,falling in the variation range measured in a core drilled near the Dongjiang Bridge,where the cranium was discovered during its reconstruction.The regional stratigraphic correlations indicate that the Harbin cranium was probably from the upper part of the Upper Huangshan Formation of the Harbin area,which has an optically stimulated luminescence dating constraint between 138 and 309 ka.U-series disequilibrium dating(n=10)directly on the cranium suggests that the cranium is older than 146 ka.The multiple lines of evidence from our experiments consistently support the theory that the Harbin cranium is from the late Middle Pleistocene of the Harbin area.Our study also shows that geochemical approaches can provide reliable evidence for locating and dating unsystematically recovered human fossils,and potentially can be applied to other human fossils without clear provenance and stratigraphy records. | Qingfeng Shao Junyi Ge Qiang Ji Jinhua Li Wensheng Wu Yannan Ji Tao Zhan Chi Zhang Qiang Li Rainer Grun Chris Stringer Xijun Ni | 2021 | The Innovation2021，2，3： | 3 |
| 18 | From Animal to Human: Interspecies Analysis Provides a Novel Way of Ascertaining and Fighting COVID-19显示文摘There is a strong risk of mutations in the genome sequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in animals.Consequently,a possibility of zoonotic transfer of a much stronger form of the present virus from animal to human is also very feasible in the near future.Thus,recent incidents of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals need to be studied very carefully to protect against any future transmissions.Interspecies analysis from animal to human or vice versa is the tool of choice at the present time for understanding zoonotic transfer and improving/accelerated drug discovery for COVID-19. | Supratik Kar Jerzy Leszczynski | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，2： | 3 |
| 19 | Insights into Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration-55 Years after Virus Discovery显示文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV),which was discovered in 1965,is a threat to global public health.HBV infects human hepatocytes and leads to acute and chronic liver diseases,and there is no cure.In cells infected by HBV,viral DNA can be integrated into the cellular genome.HBV DNA integration is a complicated process during the HBV life cycle.Although HBV integration normally results in replication-incompetent transcripts,it can still act as a template for viral protein expression.Of note,it is a primary driver of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Recently,with the development of detection methods and research models,the molecular biology and the pathogenicity of HBV DNA integration have been better revealed.Here,we review the advances in the research of HBV DNA integration,including molecular mechanisms,detection methods,research models,the effects on host and viral gene expression,the role of HBV integrations in the pathogenesis of HCC,and potential treatment strategies.Finally,we discuss possible future research prospects of HBV DNA integration. | Kaitao Zhao Andrew Liu Yuchen Xia | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，2： | 3 |
| 20 | Changes in Life Expectancy of Respiratory Diseases from Attaining Daily PM_(2.5) Standard in China: A Nationwide Observational Study显示文摘Although exposure to air pollution increases the risk of premature mortality and years of life lost(YLL),the effects of daily air quality improvement to the life expectancy of respiratory diseases remained unclear.We applied a generalized additive model(GAM)to assess the associations between daily PM_(2.5) exposure and YLL from respiratory diseases in 96 Chinese cities during 2013–2016.We further estimated the avoidable YLL,potential gains in life expectancy,and the attributable fraction by assuming dailyPM_(2.5) concentration decrease to the air quality standards of China and World Health Organization.Regional and national results were generated by random-effects meta-analysis.A total of 861,494 total respiratory diseases and 586,962 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)caused death from 96 Chinese cities were recorded during study period.Each 10 mg/m3 increase of PM_(2.5) in 3-day moving average(lag02)was associated with 0.16(95%CI:0.08,0.24)years increment in life expectancy from total respiratory diseases.The highest effect was observed in Southwest region with 0.42(95%CI:0.22,0.62)years increase in life expectancy.By attaining the WHO's Air Quality Guidelines,we estimated that an average of 782.09(95%CI:438.29,1125.89)YLLs caused by total respiratory death in each city could be avoided,which corresponded to 1.15%(95%CI:0.67%,1.64%)of the overall YLLs,and 0.12(95%CI:0.07,0.17)years increment in life expectancy.The results of COPD were generally consistent with total respiratory diseases.Our findings indicate that reduction in daily PM_(2.5) concentrations might lead to longer life expectancy from respiratory death. | Yin Yang Jinlei Qi Zengliang Ruan Peng Yin Shiyu Zhang Jiangmei Liu Yunning Liu Rui Li Lijun Wang Hualiang Lin | 2020 | The Innovation2020，1，3： | 3 |
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