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    题名 作者 年代 出处 被引量
1降雨强度和坡度双因子对紫色土坡面侵蚀产沙的影响显示文摘利用室内模拟降雨试验研究了降雨强度和坡度双因子对紫色土坡面侵蚀产沙过程的影响。试验结果表明:坡面产沙过程和侵蚀形态的演变与降雨强度和坡度的变化密切相关,降雨强度和坡度增大使径流量很快达到细沟发生的临界流量并加剧细沟形态的演变过程,产沙率由于细沟的产生和发展而急剧增加,并呈现跳跃性的波动。各降雨强度下,在5°~25°范围内,侵蚀量随坡度的增大而增大,30°时开始减小,在25°附近存在坡面侵蚀的临界坡度。降雨强度和坡度两个因子对侵蚀量的贡献率存在对比消长关系。降雨强度和坡度都较小时,坡度对侵蚀过程起主导作用;当降雨强度较大或者达到临界坡度以后,则降雨强度对侵蚀过程起主导作用。耿晓东 郑粉莉 刘力 2010泥沙研究2010,35,6:66
2Draining Tangjiashan Barrier Lake after Wenchuan Earthquake and the flood propagation after the dam break显示文摘Tangjiashan Barrier Lake is one of the largest barrier lakes caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake. Its risk analysis, emergency plan and effect of the emergency plan are introduced in this paper. The dam height of Tangjiashan Barrier Dam is about 105 m, and the reservoir storage capacity is 3.2×108 m3. When the dam broke the flood peak were estimated to be larger than 48000 m3/s, which might cause a enormous disaster to the downstream cities and residents. A discharge channel with 13 m deep and 8 m wide was drug, so that the water may flow out of the lake before the dam breaks. As a result, the drainage and risk mitigation project are successful. During the drainage process, the flood peak was about 6500 m3/s, and about 1.6×108 m3 of water was drained off and the residual reservoir capacity was only 8.97×107 m3. A new channel with average width 100 m was formed, which can bear floods of 200 years frequency. The successful experience and the collected data can be used to deal with the similar natural disasters in future.LIU Ning1, ZHANG JianXin2, LIN Wei3, CHENG WuYI4 & CHEN ZuYu5 1 Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China 2 Bureau of Hydrology of the Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China 3 Sichuan Hydrographic and Water Resources Survey Bureau Chengdu 610031, China 4 HydroChina Chengdu Engineering Corporation, Chengdu 610072, China 5 China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100044, China 2009Science China(Technological Sciences)2009,52,4:29
3Simulation of dam breach development for emergency treatment of the Tangjiashan Quake Lake in China显示文摘The Tangjiashan Quake Lake is the largest quake lake triggered by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake that happened on May 12,2008 in China,posing high risk of catastrophic flash flood hazards to downstream human life and properties.A physics-based numerical simulation approach is proposed for real-time prediction of dam breach development of the Tangjiashan Quake Lake in the case of emergency treatment.Bed erosion and lateral development of the dam breach are represented through accounting for the underlying physics including selective sediment transport and gravitational collapse.Conceptualized breach erosion model that involves few parameters enables quick calibration based on the monitored hydrological data in emergency analysis where fully geotechnical information about the barrier dam is not available.The process of dam breach development is found to be nonlinear in cascades due to the combined effects of headcutting and bank collapse.The agreement between the simulation results and the observed data shows the applicability of the present approach for emergency analysis of quake lakes.Limitations will arise in the situation where the soil composition of barrier dam is significantly inhomogeneous.Incorporation of circular arc failure for cohesive soil and lateral seepage in bank slope will also enhance its applicability to complex situations.WANG GuangQian,LIU Fan,FU XuDong & LI TieJian State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China 2008Science China(Technological Sciences)2008,51,S2:25
4U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROGRAMS AND INVESTIGATIONS RELATED TO SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION显示文摘The U.S. Geological Survey has a rich tradition of collecting hydrologic data, especially for fluxes of water and suspended sediment, that provide a foundation for studies of soil and water conservation. Applied and basic research has included investigations of the effects of land use on rangelands, croplands, and forests; hazards mapping; derivation of flood and drought frequency, and other statistics related to streamflow and reservoir storage; development and application of models of rainfall-runoff relations, chemical quality, and sediment movement; and studies of the interactive processes of overland and channel flow with vegetation. Networks of streamgaging stations and (or) sampling sites within numerous drainage basins are yielding information that extends databases and enhances the ability to use those data for interpretive studies.W. R. OSTERKAMP and J. R. GRAY Research Hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 1675 W. Anklam Road, Tucson, AZ 85745 U. S. A. Hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey, 415 National Center, Reston, VA 20192 U. S. A. 2001International Journal of Sediment Research2001,16,3:22
5REE TRACER METHOD FOR STUDIES ON SOIL EROSION显示文摘REETRACERMETHODFORSTUDIESONSOILEROSIONTIANJunliang;ZHOUPeihuaandLIUPuling(TheEnglishtextiseditedbyMrs.SUUanandDr.DINGLianzhen...TIAN Junliang ZHOU Peihua and LIU Puling( Northwestern Institute of Son and Water Conservancy. Acadernia Sinlca and Ministry of WaterResources. Yangling. Shaanxi 712 100. China) 1994International Journal of Sediment Research1994,9,2:22
6Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions显示文摘In many arid and semiarid regions,saline playas represent a significant source of unconsoli-dated sediments available for aeolian transport,and severe saline dust storms occur frequently due to human disturbance.In this study,saline dust storms are reviewed systematically from the aspects of con-cept,general characteristics,conditions of occurrence,distribution and ecological impact.Our researches showed that saline dust storms are a kind of chemical dust storm originating in dry lake beds in arid and semiarid regions;large areas of unconsolidated saline playa sediments and frequent strong winds are the basic factors to saline dust storm occurrence;there are differentiation characteristics in deposition flux and chemical composition with wind-blown distance during saline dust storm diffusion;and saline dust storm diffusion to some extent increases glacier melt and results in soil salinization in arid regions.An under-standing of saline dust storms is important to guide disaster prevention and ecological rehabilitation.Jilili Abuduwaili 2010Journal of Arid Land2010,2,2:21
7基于地理探测器的喀斯特不同地貌形态类型区土壤侵蚀定量归因(英文)显示文摘The formation mechanism and influencing factors identification of soil erosion are the core and frontier issues of current research. However, studies on the multi-factor synthesis are still relatively lacked. In this study, the simulation of soil erosion and its quantitative attribution analysis have been conducted in different geomorphological types in a typical karst basin based on the RUSLE model and the geodetector method. The influencing factors, such as land use type, slope, rainfall, elevation, lithology and vegetation cover, have been taken into consideration. Results show that the strength of association between the six influencing factors and soil erosion was notably different in diverse geomorphological types. Land use type and slope were the dominant factors of soil erosion in the Sancha River Basin, especially for land use type whose power of determinant(q value) for soil erosion was much higher than other factors. The q value of slope declined with the increase of relief in mountainous areas, namely it was ranked as follows: middle elevation hill> small relief mountain> middle relief mountain. Multi-factors interactions were proven to significantly strengthen soil erosion, particularly for the combination of land use type with slope, which can explain 70% of soil erosion distribution. It can be found that soil erosion in the same land use type with different slopes(such as dry land with slopes of 5° and above 25°) or in the diverse land use types with the same slope(such as dry land and forest with a slope of 5°), varied much. These indicate that prohibiting steep slope cultivation and Grain for Green Project are reasonable measures to control soil erosion in karst areas. Based on statistics of soil erosion difference between diverse stratifications of each influencing factor, results of risk detector suggest that the amount of stratification combinations with significant difference accounted for 55% at least in small relief mountain and middle relief mountainous areas. Therefore, the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion and its influencing factors in different geomorphological types should be investigated to control karst soil loss more effectively.王欢 高江波 侯文娟 2019Journal of Geographical Sciences2019,29,2:20
8WEPP细沟剥蚀率模型正确性的理论分析与实验验证显示文摘基于物理过程基础上的WEPP土壤水蚀预报模型将坡面侵蚀分为细沟侵蚀和细沟间侵蚀,建立了独立的细沟间模型和细沟模型。其中细沟侵蚀产沙方程从概念上可以预报细沟侵蚀过程,但没经实验或理论验证。该文经过理论分析表明,WEPP模型中的剥蚀率是水流含沙量的线性函数,并由给定的试验条件计算得到了函数中的参数。将理论分析结果和已有的实验结果进行了比较,验证了WEPP中的侵蚀产沙模型。同时将已得到的确定细沟剥蚀率的微分方程代入细沟侵蚀产沙方程并求解,从理论上得到了含沙量随沟长变化的函数关系。将理论分析结果和由实验所得的结果进行了对比,进一步验证了WEPP中的侵蚀产沙模型。该文从细沟剥蚀率和产沙量两方面对WEPP模型中细沟侵蚀产沙模型进行了验证。张晴雯 雷廷武 姚春梅 潘英华 王辉 2004农业工程学报2004,20,1:17
9Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau显示文摘Scientific evidence for the upper limit of farmland is proposed. Shallow gully erosion is one of erosion types distributed extensively on sloping farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau. Field observation and aerial photos interpretation, as well as laboratory experiments show that the shallow gully erosion occurring on the steeper farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau is an important factor leading to intensive erosion on slope, because of its extensive distribution and intensive runoff collection. The data on the formation, development and distribution of shallow gullies on sloping farmland indicate that critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation ranges from 15 to 20 degrees with an average of 18.2 degrees. Therefore, it is suggested that critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau should be kept within the critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation to prevent shallow gully formation in order to control soil loss more effectively. But as the first step, the cultivation on the slopes with slope larger than 25 degrees where the maximum erosion occurs should be strictly forbidden.TANG Keli+1, ZHANG Keli 1,2 and LEI Aling 1,3 1. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, China 2. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 3. Water Resources C 1998Chinese Science Bulletin1998,43,5:16
10Ophiolites of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt:Geochemical and petrological characterization and tectonic settings显示文摘We present a compilation of published data(field,petrography,ages and geochemistry)from 73 ophiolitic complexes of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.The ophiolitic complexes,ranging in age from Neoproterozoic to Triassic.have been geochemically classified as subduction-related and subductionunrelated categories applying recent,well-established discrimination diagrams.The subductionunrelated category is further subdivided into Mid-Ocean Ridge type(MOR),a common rift-drift stage and Plume type,and the subduction-related category is subdivided into Backarc(BA),Forearc(FA).Backarc to Forearc(BA-FA)and Volcanic Arc(VA)types.The four subduction-related types define highly different geochemical features,with the BA and FA types defining end members showing subduction influence of 10%-100%and 90%-100%subduction influence,respectively,and the two other types(BAFA and VA)define values between the two end members.The subduction-related category comprises79%of the examined ophiolites,of which the BA type ophiolites is by far the dominant group,followed by the BA-FA type,and with FA and VA types as subordinate groups.The Neoproterozoic and Ordovician complexes exhibit the highest,whereas those of Silurian age exhibit the lowest subduction-influence.Of the remaining 21%subduction-unrelated ophiolites,the MOR type dominates.Both the subductionrelated and subduction-unrelated types,in particular the latter,are commonly associated with alkaline basalts taken to represent ocean island magmatism.Harzburgite,dunite,gabbro and basalt are the common lithologies in all ophiolite types,whereas the BA-FA,FA and VA types generally contain intermediate to felsic rocks,and in the FA type boninites occur.The subduction-related ophiolites types generally show low metamorphic grade,whereas greenschist.amphibolite and blueschist grades occur in the subduction-unrelated and BA types.The highly different subduction contribution(from 0 to 100%in the MOR and FA,respectively),attest to variable dips of the subducting slab,as well as variable flux of subduction-related elements into the mantle above subducting slabs,from where the ophiolite magmas got their geochemical fingerprints.As most MOR ophiolites get subducted to the deep mantle,the subduction-related ophiolites have become a dominant ophiolitic type on Earth’s surface through all times supporting the idea about the early start of Plate Tectonics.Harald Furnes Inna Safonova 2019Geoscience Frontiers2019,10,4:15
11The wind-water two-phase erosion and sediment-producing processes in the middle Yellow River basin, China显示文摘Based on data from the middle Yellow River basin, a wind-water two-phase mechanism for erosion and sediment-producing processes has been found. By using this mechanism, the extremely strong erosion and sediment yield in the study area can be better explained. The operation of wind and water forces is different in different seasons within a year. During winter and spring, strong wind blows large quantities of eolian sand to gullies and river channels, which are temporally stored there. During the next summer, rainstorms cause runoff that contains much fine loessic material and acts as a powerful force to carry the previously prepared coarse material. As a result, hyperconcentrated flows occur, resulting in high-intensity erosion and sediment yield.许炯心 2000Science China Earth Sciences2000,43,2:14
12Impact of hillslope vegetation restoration on gully erosion induced sediment yield显示文摘Facing the eco-environmental construction on the Loess Plateau, especially the vegeta-tion restoration in the semiarid areas, as well as the dam system engineering construction that is about to start, how can the vegetation restoration gain the optimum ecological benefits following the improvement of the preservation rates of trees and grass on the basis of guaranteeing water storage and silt trapping effects? What techniques should be taken to restore vegetation? These questions critical to environmental management on the Loess Plateau have to be settled urgently. According to the different macroscopic spatial distribution patterns of forest and grass on the Loess Plateau, this paper analyzes the macroscopic hillslope and gully management relationship in the middle Yellow River and weight of natural and human factors in erosion-induced sediment yield in the context of environmental background of the major silt producing areas. In light of the current status of the inte-grated management of small watersheds and soil and water conservation measure arrangement schemes of hillslopes and gullies on the Loess Plateau, this paper discusses the impact of vegetation restoration on gully erosion induced sediment yield and the effect of vegetation caused sediment re-duction. Studies indicate that there exists an erosional environmental background related to the natural and human activities in the sediment yield peak values of the sandy and coarse sandy areas in the middle Yellow River, sediment yield modulus is closely related to the synthetic effect of environ-mental elements, and the rainstorms, reclamation rate and forest coverage are the main factors af-fecting sediment yield modulus in the sandy and coarse sandy areas. The key to control soil erosion in the sandy and coarse sandy areas is the conversion of farmland into forestland and grassland, the reduction of reclamation rate and the increase of tree and grass vegetation. Small catchment man-agement should adhere to the principle of simultaneous control of hillslope and gully erosion and combination of biological measures with engineering measures. Engineering measures play an im-portant role in the hillslope vegetation restoration in the initial period. Vegetation restoration can result in a reduction of erosion induced sediment yield in gullies of Yangjiagou by over 75%.CHEN Hao CAI Qiangguo 2006Science China Earth Sciences2006,49,2:13
133D mathematical model for suspended load transport by turbulent flows and its applications显示文摘This paper presents a 3D mathematical model for suspended load transport in turbulent flows. Based on Dous stochastic theory of turbulent flow, numerical schemes of Reynolds stresses for anisotropic turbulent flows were obtained. A refined wall function was employed to treat solid wall boundaries. The equations for 2D suspended load motion and sorting of bed material have been expanded into 3D cases. Numerical results are validated by the measured data of the Gezhouba Project, and proved to be in good agreement with the experimental. The present method has been employed to simulate sediment erosion and deposition in the dam area of Three Gorges Project, and for the operation of the project, siltation process and deposition pattern in the near-dam area of the reservoir, size distribution of the deposits and bed material, and flow fields and sediment concentration fields at different time and elevations are predicted. The predicted results are close to the experimental observations in physical model studies. Thus, a new method is established for 3D simulation of sediment motion in dam areas of multi-purpose water projects.LU Yongjun1,DOU Guoren1,HAN Longxi2,SHAO Xuejun3 & YANG Xianghua1,3 1.Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,Nanjing 210029,China 2.College of Environmental Engineering of Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China 3.Department of Hydraulic Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China 2004Science China(Technological Sciences)2004,47,2:12
14Spatial distribution of surface rock fragment on hillslopes in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau显示文摘The cover and size distributions of surface rock fragment in hillslopes were investigated by using digital photographing and treating technique in a small catchment in wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that the maximal cover of rock fragment was pre-sented at mid-position in steep hillslope. Rock fragment presented a general decreasing-trend along the hillslope in gentle hillslope. Rock fragment cover was positively related to gradient, rock fragment size decreased generally along the hillslope, and the size reduced with the gradient. The mean size of rock fragment was at a range of 6―20 mm in the steep hillslope, rock fragment size > 50 mm was rarely presented. The covers of rock fragment at different positions were markedly related to the quantities of rock fragment < 40 mm. The area of rock fragment of 2―50 mm accounted for 60% or more of the total area, dominating the distribution of rock fragment in the hillslopes.ZHU YuanJun1,2 & SHAO MingAn1 1 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China 2 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2008Science China Earth Sciences2008,51,6:12
15Modelling and mapping soil erosion potential in China显示文摘Soil erosion is an important environmental threat in China.However,quantitative estimates of soil erosion in China have rarely been reported in the literature.In this study,soil loss potential in China was estimated by integrating satellite images,field samples,and ground observations based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE).The rainfall erosivity factor was estimated from merged rainfall data using Collocated CoKriging(ColCOK)and downscaled by geographically weighted regression(GWR).The Random Forest(RF)regression approach was used as a tool for understanding and predicting the relationship between the soil erodibility factor and a set of environment factors.Our results show that the average erosion rate in China is 1.44 t ha^(–1) yr^(–1).More than 60%of the territory in China is influenced by soil erosion limitedly,with an average potential erosion rate less than 0.1 t ha^(–1) yr^(–1).Other unused land and other forested woodlands showed the highest erosion risk.Our estimates are comparable to those of runoff plot studies.Our results provide a useful tool for soil loss assessments and ecological environment protections.TENG Hong-fen HU Jie ZHOU Yue ZHOU Lian-qing SHI Zhou 2019Journal of Integrative Agriculture2019,18,2:11
16Soil erosion and sediment transport in the gullied Loess Plateau:Scale effects and their mechanisms显示文摘Scale effects exist in the whole process of rainfall―runoff―soil erosion―sediment transport in river basins.The differences of hydrographs and sediment graphs in different positions in a river basin are treated as basic scale effects,which are more complex in the gullied Loess Plateau,a region notorious for high intensity soil erosion and hyper-concentrated sediment-laden flow.The up-scaling method of direct extrapolation that maintains dynamical mechanism effective in large scale application was cho-sen as the methodology of this paper.Firstly,scale effects of hydrographs and sediment graphs were analyzed by using field data,and key sub-processes and their mechanisms contributing to scale effects were clearly defined.Then,the Digital Yellow River Model that integrates sub-models for the sub-processes was used with high resolution to simulate rainfall―runoff―soil erosion―sediment transport response in Chabagou watershed,and the distributed results representing scale effects were obtained.Finally,analysis on the simulation results was carried out.It was shown that gravitational erosion and hyper-concentrated flow contribute most to the spatial variation of hydrographs and sediment graphs in the spatial scale.Different spatial scale distributions and superposition of different sub-processes are the mechanisms of scale effects.LI TieJian1,WANG GuangQian1,XUE Hai2,3 & WANG Kai4 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China 2 Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co.,Ltd.,Zhengzhou 450003,China 3 North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydropower,Zhengzhou 450008,China 4 China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China 2009Science China(Technological Sciences)2009,52,5:11
17基于GIS的三江源地区土壤侵蚀综合分析(英文)显示文摘以通用土壤侵蚀模型为基本思路,选择三江源地区作为研究对象,采用GIS方法对该地区不同土壤侵蚀类型的程度进行了半定量评价。评价结果表明,三江源地区水力侵蚀主要集中在东南和南部的玉树、囊谦、班玛、久治等地区的高山和极高山地区,其侵蚀程度和地形、降水、河流和人类活动等因素分布相关;冻融侵蚀主要分布在三江源区的西北大部分地区,全区中等侵蚀程度以上的地区约占全区面积的1/2以上。陈琼 吴万贞 周强 杨玉含 Wan-zhen Yu-han 2010Agricultural Science & Technology2010,11,5:11
18Cavitation characteristics of pit structure in ultrasonic field显示文摘Bubble collecting, bubble holding and micro-bubble ejecting characteristics of pit structure and the influence of cavitation bubble on the development of erosion pit are investigated by means of highspeed photography experiments. Pits tend to collect and hold wandering cavitation bubbles. The air holding phenomenon of pits can be a destination of the incubation period in the process of cavitation erosion. The holding bubble tends to eject micro-bubbles from the top of holding cavitation bubble, making the pit a source of nuclei. With bubbles being held in pits, the diameters of pits increase rapidly. But in the given experiment condition, there is a specific stable value beyond which the diameter of pits will not increase. This characteristic will be helpful in understanding and predicting the cavitation erosion process.BAI LiXin XU WeiLin ZHANG FaXing LI NaiWen ZHANG YiChi HUANG DeFa 2009Science China(Technological Sciences)2009,52,7:11
19Porosity and permeability variations of a dam curtain during dissolution显示文摘During reservoir operation,the erosion effects of groundwater change the porosity and permeability of the dam curtain,causing changes to the seepage field.To understand where the changes take place and to what degree the porosity and permeability change,a multi-field coupling model was built and solved.The model takes into account seepage,solution concentration,and solid structure.The model was validated using uplift pressure monitoring data.Then,the variations in curtain porosity,seepage flow,and loss quantity of Ca(OH)2 were calculated.The key time nodes were obtained through curve fitting of the variation of seepage flow with the BiDoseResp function.The results showed that the model could reflect the attenuation trend of curtain performance well.The process and position of the erosion were not homogeneous.Although erosion mainly occurred at the top and bottom of the curtain,it was most developed at the top.The erosion effects developed slowly during the early stage,much fast during the middle and late stages,and culminated in complete dissolution.The model results and the daily monitoring data can provide a scientific basis for the safe operation and management of reservoirs.Ji-xiang Huo Fu-heng Ma Xiao-lei Ji 2019Water Science and Engineering2019,12,2:10
20Study on the Characteristics of the Gas Switch Electrode Erosion显示文摘Gas spark switch is one of the key parts in pulsed power technology.Electrode erosion has great influence on the switch performance and lifetime.In this paper,a field distortion gas switch is selected for the experiment and a great deal of discharging experiments have been conducted in different test conditions.The forming process of etch pit as well as its influencing factors is discussed briefly and surface roughness coefficient(SRC) of the electrode is put forward to evaluate the state of electrode erosion.Experimental results show that current peak plays an important role in electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are the same,and electric charge and oscillation frequency of discharge current also have great effect on the electrode erosion when waveforms of discharge current are different.With the increase of discharge times,SRC decreases slowly at first and then decreases quickly after three thousand of discharge times.WANG Hu CHANG Jia-sen TONG Xin ZHANG Qiao-gen QIU Ai-ci 2011高压电器2011,47,9:10
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