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| 1 | Hexachlorobutadiene(HCBD)contamination in the Arctic environment:A review显示文摘Hexachlorobutadiene(HCBD)is a halogenated hydrocarbon that is primarily produced as an unintentional byproduct in the manufacture of chlorinated solvents.Similarities between HCBD and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs)led to its listing in 2015 for global regulation under the Stockholm Convention on POPs.HCBD's toxicity and propensity for long-range transport means there is special concern for its potential impacts on Arctic ecosystems.The present review comprehensively summarizes all available information of the occurrence of HCBD in the Arctic environment,including its atmospheric,terrestrial,freshwater and marine ecosystems and biota.Overall,reports of HCBD in Arctic environmental media are scarce.HCBD has been measured in Arctic air collected from monitoring stations in Finland and Canada,yet there is a dearth of data for other abiotic matrices(i.e.soils,sediments,glacier ice,freshwaters and seawater).Low HCBD concentrations have been measured in Arctic terrestrial and marine biota,which is consistent with laboratory studies that indicate that HCBD has the potential to bioaccumulate,but not to biomagnify.Available data for Arctic biota suggest that terrestrial birds and mammals and seabirds,have comparatively higher HCBD concentrations than fish and marine mammals,warranting additional research.Although spatial and temporal trends in HCBD concentrations in the Arctic are currently limited,future monitoring of HCBD in the Arctic will be important for assessing the impact of global regulations newly-imposed by the Stockholm Convention on POPs. | Jennifer E.Balmer Hayley Hung Katrin Vorkamp Robert J.Letcher Derek C.G.Muir | 2019 | Emerging Contaminants2019，5，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Current-use halogenated and organophosphorous flame retardants:A review of their presence in Arctic ecosystems显示文摘Since the ban of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),other flame retardants may be increasingly used.Thirty-one current-use halogenated(HFRs)and 24 organophosphorous flame retardants(PFRs)have been sought in Arctic ecosystems so far.Air measurements provide evidence of long-range atmospheric transport for the majority of these compounds,with much higher concentrations for PFRs than for HFRs.Some HFRs,i.e.bis(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate(BEH-TEBP),2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB)and hexabromobenzene(HBBz),had air concentrations comparable to those of PBDEs in some studies.Complementary data for seawater and ice indicate dry deposition of HFRs,while net volatilization from seawater was observed for some PFRs.Studies in the marine environment indicate a wide presence of HFRs in marine biota,but generally at low levels,i.e.typically lower than those of PBDEs.Exceptions exist,namely 2,4,6-tribromophenyl 2,3-dibromopropyl ether(TBP-DBPE)and decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE),which were found in concentrations comparable to PBDEs in some species.The same was the case for 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allyl ether(TBP-AE)in a study from the terrestrial environment.PFRs generally had low concentrations in biota,probably due to metabolic transformation of PFR triesters,as suggested by in vitro studies.Elevated PFR concentrations occurred in some individuals,generally indicating a larger variability of PFRs in biota than found for HFRs.The commercially important tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)was only detected sporadically,and only in abiotic matrices. | Katrin Vorkamp Jennifer Balmer Hayley Hung Robert J.Letcher Frank F.Riget Cynthia A.de Wit | 2019 | Emerging Contaminants2019，5，1： | 2 |
| 3 | A review of chlorinated paraffin contamination in Arctic ecosystems显示文摘Chlorinated paraffins(CPs)present a complex mixture of congeners which are often analysed and assessed as short-,medium-and long-chain CPs,i.e.SSCCP(C10eC13),SMCCP(C14eC17)and SLCCP(C18).Their complexity makes the chemical analysis challenging,in particular in terms of accurate quantification,but promising developments involving ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry have been presented lately.Most Arctic data exist for SCCPs,while LCCPs have not yet been studied in the Arctic.SSCCP concentrations in Arctic air often exceeded those of SMCCP,usually with a predominance of the most volatile C10 congeners,and of banned persistent organic pollutants(POPs),such as polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs).The presence of SCCPs and MCCPs in Arctic air,as well as in the Antarctic and in the remote regions of the Tibetan plateau,provides evidence of their long-range transport including sufficient environmental persistence to reach the Arctic.Arctic vegetation accumulated SCCPs partly from air and partly through root uptake from soil,with consequences for the SCCP profile found in Arctic plants.No results have yet been reported for CPs in terrestrial Arctic animals.Results for freshwater sediment and fish confirmed the long-range transport of SCCPs and MCCPs and documented their bioaccumulation.Where additional PCB data were available,SPCB was usually higher than SSCCP in freshwater fish.Both SCCPs and MCCPs were widely present in marine Arctic biota(e.g.mussels,fish,seabirds,seals,whales,polar bears).In mussels and Atlantic cod,SMCCP concentrations exceeded those of SSCCP,while this was less clear for other marine species.Marine mammals and the long-lived Greenland shark roughly had SSCCP concentrations of 100e500 ng/g lipid weight,often dominated by C11 congeners.Biomagnification appeared to be more pronounced for SSCCP than for SMCCP,but more studies will be needed.Increasing SSCCP concentrations were observed in Arctic air and sediment over time,but not in beluga monitored since the 1980s.For both SCCPs and MCCPs,increasing concentrations over time have been shown in blue mussels and Atlantic cod at some,but not all stations.Indications exist of local sources of SCCPs in the Arctic,including Arctic settlements and research stations.In studies involving multiple locations,a general decrease of SCCP concentrations with increasing latitude or distance from point sources was observed as well as relatively more MCCPs at locations closer to potential CP sources.Monitoring of SCCPs and MCCPs has been initiated in some Arctic regions and will be important to assess the effect of recent regulations of SCCPs and the use of potential replacement chemicals. | Katrin Vorkamp Jennifer Balmer Hayley Hung Robert J.Letcher Frank F.Riget | 2019 | Emerging Contaminants2019，5，1： | 2 |
| 4 | Placental transfer ofthe polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study显示文摘 | Frederiksen M Vorkamp K Mathiesen L | 2010 | Environ Health2010，9，： | 1 |
| 5 | Or- ganochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in four geographically separated populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) 显示文摘 | Svendsen T C Vorkamp K Ronsholdt B | 2007 | Journal of Environmental Monitoring2007，9，： | 1 |
| 6 | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure 显示文摘 | Vorkamp K Thomsen M Frederiksen M | 2011 | Environment International2011，37，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-A review of level and sources显示文摘 | FREDERIKSEN M VORKAMP K THOMSEN M | 2009 | International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health2009，212，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Degradation of phthalate esters in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant显示文摘 | Roslev P Vorkamp K Aarup J | 2007 | Water Research2007，41，5： | 1 |
| 9 | Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment-trends and new candidates显示文摘 | de Wit C A Herzke D Vorkamp K | 2010 | Science of the Total Environment2010，408，： | 1 |
| 10 | Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs --a review of levels and sources显示文摘 | Frederiksen M Vorkamp K Thomsen M | 2009 | Int J Hyg Environ Health2009，212，： | 1 |
| 11 | Degradation of phthalate esters in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant 显示文摘 | ROSLEV P VORKAMP K AARUP J | 2007 | Water Research2007，41，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment-trends and new candidates显示文摘 | De Wit C A Herzke D Vorkamp K | 2010 | Science of the Total Environment2010，408，： | 1 |
| 13 | Degrada- tion of phthalate esters in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant 显示文摘 | ROSLEV P VORKAMP K AARUP J | 2007 | Water Res2007，41，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Human in- ternal and external exposure to PBDEs-a review of levels and sources 显示文摘 | Frederiksen M Vorkamp K Thomsen M | 2009 | International Journal of Hygiene and Envi- ronmental Health2009，212，： | 1 |
| 15 | Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs-A review of levels and sources显示文摘 | FREDERIKSEN M VORKAMP K THOMSEN M | 2009 | International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health2009，212，： | 1 |
| 16 | Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment-trends and new candidates 显示文摘 | Wit C A D Herzke D Vorkamp K | 2010 | Science of the Total Environment2010，408，： | 1 |
| 17 | Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment — trends and new candidates显示文摘 | Cynthia A. de Wit Dorte Herzke Katrin Vorkamp | 2009 | Science of the Total Environment2009，，15： | 1 |
| 18 | Placental transfer ofthe polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study显示文摘 | Frederiksen M Vorkamp K Mathiesen L | 2010 | Environ Health2010，9，： | 1 |
| 19 | Brominated flame retardants in the arctic environment-trends and new candidates显示文摘 | de Wit C A Herzke D Vorkamp K | 2010 | Sci Total Environ2010，408，15： | 1 |
| 20 | Hyperhidrosis:evolving concepts and a comprehensive review显示文摘 | Vorkamp T Foo FJ Khan S | 2010 | Surgeon2010，8，： | 1 |
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