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| 1 | Circular smooth muscle contributes to esophageal shortening during peristalsis显示文摘AIM:To study the angle between the circular smooth muscle(CSM) and longitudinal smooth muscle(LSM) fibers in the distal esophagus.METHODS:In order to identify possible mechanisms for greater shortening in the distal compared to proximal esophagus during peristalsis,the angles between the LSM and CSM layers were measured in 9 cadavers.The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis propria was exposed after stripping the outer serosa.The inner circular layer of the muscularis propria was then revealed after dissection of the esophageal mucosa and the underlying muscularis mucosa.Photographs of each specimen were taken with half of the open esophagus folded back showing both the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers.Angles were measured every one cm for 10 cm proximal to the squamocolumnar junction(SCJ) by two independent investigators.Two human esophagi were obtained from organ transplant donors and the angles between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers were measured using micro-computed tomography(micro CT) and Image J software.RESULTS:All data are presented as mean ± SE.The CSM to LSM angle at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to SCJ on the autopsy specimens was 69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 74.9 ± 3.09 degrees,P = 0.32.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ were statistically significantly lower than at 2,3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 82.58 ± 1.34 degrees,84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.013,P = 0.008,P = 0.004,P = 0.009 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ was also statistically significantly lower than the angles at 6,7 and 8 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 80.18 ± 2.09 degrees,81.81 ± 1.75 degrees and 80.96 ± 2.04 degrees,P = 0.05,P = 0.02,P = 0.03 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at 1 cm proximal to SCJ was statistically significantly lower than at 3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,74.94 ± 3.09 degrees vs 84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.019,P = 0.008,P = 0.02 respectively.At 10 cm above SCJ the angle was 80.06 ± 2.13 degrees which is close to being perpendicular but less than 90 degrees.The CSM to LSM angles measured on virtual dissection of the esophagus and the stomach on micro CT at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to the SCJ were 48.39 ± 0.72 degrees and 50.81 ± 1.59 degrees.Rather than the angle of the CSM and LSM being perpendicular in the esophagus we found an acute angulation between these two muscle groups throughout the lower 10 cm of the esophagus.CONCLUSION:The oblique angulation of the CSM may contribute to the significantly greater shortening of distal esophagus when compared to the mid and proximal esophagus during peristalsis. | Anil K Vegesna Keng-Yu Chuang Ramashesai Besetty Steven J Phillips Alan S Braverman Mary F Barbe Michael R Ruggieri Larry S Miller | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，32： | 7 |
| 2 | Improvement of spiral MRI with the measured k-space trajectory显示文摘 | Ding X P Tkach J Ruggieri P | 1997 | JMRI-J Magn Reson Imaging1997，7，5： | 1 |
| 3 | Amniotic fluidembolism: definitive diagnosis in a survivor 显示文摘 | Masson RG Ruggieri J Siddiqui MM | 1979 | Am RevRespir Dis1979，120，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Studies on cryptocaryoniasis in marine fish: effect of temperature and salinity on the reproductive cycle of Cryptocaryon irritans Brow,1951显示文摘 | Cheung P J Nigrelli R F Ruggieri G D | 1979 | J Fish Dis1979，2，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Studies on fish: Effect of temperature and salinity on the reproductive cycle of Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 显示文摘 | Cheung P J Nigrelli R F cryptocaryoniasis in marine Ruggieri G D | 1979 | Journal of Fish Diseases1979，2，2： | 1 |
| 6 | Circulating microRNAs in patients with chronic hepatitis C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 显示文摘 | Cermelli S Ruggieri A Marrero J A | 2011 | PloS one2011，6，8： | 1 |
| 7 | Gross deletion of the neurofibromatosis type 1 gene are predominantly with material origin and commonly associated with a learing disability, dysmorphic features and developmental delay显示文摘 | Upadhyaya M Ruggieri M Maynard J | 1998 | Hum Genet1998，102，5： | 1 |
| 8 | A wavelet-based finite element method for the self-shielding issue in neutron transport显示文摘 | Le Tellier R Fournier D Ruggieri J M | 2009 | Nuclear Science and Engineering2009，163，： | 1 |
| 9 | A wavelet-based finite element method for the self-shielding issue in neutron transport显示文摘 | TELLIER R FOURNIER D RUGGIERI J M | 2009 | Nuclear Science and Engineering2009，163，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Gross deletions of the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene are predominantly of maternal origin and commonly associated with a learning disability,dysmorphic features and developmental delay显示文摘 | Upadhyaya M Ruggieri M Maynard J | 1998 | Hum Genet1998，102，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Studies on the morphology of Uronema marinum Dujardin ( Ciliatea: Uronematidae ) with a description of the histopathology of the infection in marine fishes 显示文摘 | Cheung P J Nigrelli R F Ruggieri G D | 1980 | Journal ofFish Diseases1980，3，4： | 1 |
| 12 | Studies on Cryptocaryoniasis in marine fish:Effect of temperature and salinity on the reproductive cycle of Cryptocaryon irritans brown,1951 显示文摘 | Cheung P J Nigrelli R F Ruggieri G D | 1979 | Journal of Fish Diseases1979，2，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Malignancies in fibrous dysplasia显示文摘 | Ruggieri P Sim F H Bond J R | 1994 | Cancer1994，73，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Malignancies in fibrous dysplasia显示文摘 | Ruggieri P Sim F H Bond J R | 1994 | Cancer1994，73，： | 1 |
| 15 | A new method for obtaining barnacle cement in the liquid state for polymerization studies显示文摘 | Cheung P J Ruggieri G D Nigrelli R F | 1977 | Mar Biol1977，43，： | 1 |
| 16 | The mind's eye:Functional MR imaging evaluation of golf motor imagery显示文摘 | Ross JS Tkach J Ruggieri PM | 2003 | AJNR Am J Neuroradiol2003，24，： | 1 |
| 17 | Gross deletions of the neurofibromatosis type 1 ( NF1 ) gene are predominantly of maternal origin and commonly associated with a learning disability,dysmorphic features and developmental delay 显示文摘 | Upadhyaya M Ruggieri M Maynard J | 1998 | Hum Genet1998，102，5： | 1 |
| 18 | The mind's eye:functional MR imaging evaluation of golf motor imagery显示文摘 | ROSS J S TKACH J RUGGIERI P M | 2003 | Am J Neuroradiol2003，24，6： | 1 |
| 19 | Effects of muscarinic stimulation on intracellular calcium in the rabbit bladder: comparison with metabolic response 显示文摘 | Levin RM Hypolite J Ruggieri MR | 1989 | Pharmacology1989，39，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Studies on cryptocaryoniasis in marine fishes 显示文摘 | CHEUNG P J NIGRELLI R F RUGGIERI G D | 1979 | J Fish Dis1979，，2： | 1 |
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