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| 1 | 科学计量与同行评议相结合的科研评价——国际经验与启示显示文摘科学计量和同行评议是科研评价中应用最为广泛的两种方法,无论从评价理论和应用实践而言,两种方法各有优劣,可互为补充,综合应用。本文聚焦于中国科技部和教育部的最新科研评价政策文件共同提及的“鼓励定量与定性相结合的综合评价方法”,对科研评价中的科学计量和同行评议方法的国际研究现状和国际应用实践进行梳理,并结合国际经验与中国场景尝试提出针对性的实施建议。 | 张琳 Gunnar Sivertsen | 2020 | 情报学报2020，39，8： | 32 |
| 2 | ICF发展应用:康复学科知识体系与临床工具构建显示文摘WHO-FIC-FDRG专家委员会Stucki博士于2008年5月13日访问了中国康复研究中心康复信息研究所,并与WHO-FIC-FDRG专家邱卓英博士及其同事做了广泛交流。Stucki博士就ICF应用于康复科学体系建设以及开发基于ICF核心分类模板相关事宜做了专题讲座。作为《Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine》杂志编委,Stucki博士欣然接受本刊邀请成为本刊的国际编委,并代表德国国际分类家族WHO合作中心—ICF研究分中心(ICF Research Branch of WHO Collaborating Center for the Family of International Classifications,Germany(DMIDI))与中国康复信息研究所建立有关ICF研究国际合作,建立了《Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine》和《中国康复理论与实践》杂志间的学术联系。本专题的英文文章发表于《Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine》,由Stucki教授授权《中国康复理论与实践》杂志以中文形式独家发表。第一篇是由中外专家专门为本刊撰写的特稿。本专题的文章是在相关专家组织下翻译的,内容涉及基于ICF的康复学科体系的建立,面向功能的整合性康复学科体系的发展,从细胞到社会的功能结构分类摸板,基于ICF重新定义康复医学、康复科学和康复服务,以及开发应用于不同康复医疗领域的ICF核心分类等内容。这些研究反应了国际最新的理论和应用发展成果,对于依据ICF这一国际性的功能残疾模式和知识分类标准,建立符合科学发展规律和社会发展要求的学科体系以及实践领域具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。通过出版本专题,希望能使广大康复科技工作者关注国际相关发展,更新有关观念和方法,推动康复科学学科建设和发展,扩大国际合作与交流。鉴于ICF理论与方法相对较新,本专题中很多文章从科学学和方法论角度探讨学科建设和知识体系的构建,有的内容涉及到专业性很强的测量学方法,这些对于专题译校团队的专家学者也是一种挑战。作为当前国际康复界研究发展的热点领域,文章作者、译校者也衷心希望专家和读者就有关问题开展广泛讨论,促进残疾和康复科学发展。本研究相关研究是国家科技部科技基础性工作和社会公益研究专项项目:中国残疾分类系统和评定标准平台研究(2003DIB1J063);国家科技部科技基础性工作和社会公益研究专项项目:中国残疾人功能和健康评定研究(2004DIB5J183)和首都医学发展科研基金:基于ICF架构的功能、残疾和健康评定和研究(2007-3132)支持研究项目。 | Gunnar GRIMBY John MELVIN Gerold STUCKI 邱卓英 张爱民(译) 吴弦光(审校) | 2008 | 中国康复理论与实践2008，14，12： | 22 |
| 3 | 构建针对人类功能和康复研究的专门学科领域:发展一种从细胞到社会的综合性结构显示文摘为了克服康复研究的局限性,需要建立针对康复和相关研究的专门学科领域。基于在基础科学、应用科学和专门学科中的普遍特征,与康复相关的特征以及基于WHO的ICF模型的整合性观点,可以将功能性的生物医学领域划分出5个专门的人类功能和康复研究的学科领域。这些学科结构基于整合性观点,涉及人类功能学科和整合性康复学科,以及部分基于该观念建立的生物学科和生物医学康复学科和工程学,还有处于研究和实践分界边缘的专门康复学科。人类功能学科的目的在于明确人类功能,确定综合性干预目标,以达到人类所体验到的残疾程度最小化。康复中的生物学科的目标是解释身体损伤和修复,并且确定生物医学干预的目标。整合性的康复学科要设计和研究综合性的评定以及干预的方法,这种方法将生物医学的个人的因素以及环境的因素结合起来以达到人类活动的最佳表现。生物医学康复学科和工程研究适于将损伤最小化,包括疾病控制、对人的最佳能力的诊断方法和干预措施。专门康复学科研究如何提供最好的保健以使已经残疾或可能残疾的人在与环境的交互作用中达到和维持最佳功能。将人类功能和康复的研究划分为五个专门的学科领域,可以促进专业培训项目和职业生涯的发展,也可以促进建立人类功能和康复研究的研究架构。 | Gerold STUCKI Gunnar GRIMBY 李智玲(译) 邱卓英(审校) 王斌(审校) | 2008 | 中国康复理论与实践2008，14，12： | 22 |
| 4 | 中国环境镉接触人群低骨密度及肾功能不全的研究显示文摘25年前,Ambio曾载文提出应警惕环境镉污染引起的健康效应。1998年在中国进行了这方面的研究,评价了因食用大米而接触镉人群的前臂骨密度(BMD)和肾功能,发现尿镉(CdU) 或血镉(CdB)高的绝经后妇女及血镉(CdB)高的男性,BMD均有所下降。在CdB或CdU与肾功能不全(视黄醇结合蛋白排泄增加)之间也发现了明显的、有统计学意义的剂量-效应关系及剂量-反应关系。第一次报道了日本以外的亚洲地区镉接触人群中存在骨不良效应。本文的意义在于阐明了亚洲的环境镉接触人群中仍存在着与肾和骨(镉的比较严重的有害效应)的联合效应,也讨论了一些欧洲镉接触人群的骨效应。 | Gunnar Nordberg 金泰廙 Alfred Bernard Sebastien Fierens Jean Pierre Buchet 叶葶葶 孔庆瑚 王洪复 | 2002 | AMBIO-人类环境杂志2002，31，6： | 19 |
| 5 | 脊柱手术后患者外科手术部位感染及相关危险因素(英文)显示文摘目的外科手术部位感染(SSI)是脊柱手术后常见的并发症之一,与感染发病率增高,治疗时间延长,医疗费用增加,患者预后效果不良有着密不可分的关系。本研究的目的是探索某教学医院患者进行脊柱手术后发生SSI的现状与其相关危险因素。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,对2014年6月26日-11月30日该院所有脊柱手术患者进行目标性监测,以美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)颁布的指南作为SSI的诊断依据,通过床旁调查与出院后的检查发现SSI病例,使用标准化的数据收集脊柱手术患者术前,术中及术后资料。结果 2014年6月26日—11月30日共监测192例脊柱手术患者,其中7例(3.6%)发生了SSI。通过双变量分析的方法发现切口类型(污染/感染切口)、外科引流、输血与增加SSI风险的密切相关。在192例脊柱手术患者中,120例(62.5%)给予静脉使用预防性抗菌药物,使用周期为2.2(1~9)d,139例(72.4%)使用中成药。结论该研究有助于了解该教学医院脊柱手术后患者SSI发病率,亦为今后进行脊柱手术后患者发生SSI的研究提供有价值的信息。 | 王建聪 卢晓燕 Gunnar Aksel Bjune Hanne Merete Eriksen | 2017 | 中国感染控制杂志2017，16，1： | 18 |
| 6 | Is irritable bowel syndrome an organic disorder?显示文摘Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is generally considered to be functional because there appears to be no associated anatomical defect.Stress and psychological factors are thought to play an important role in IBS.The gut neuroendocrine system(NES),which regulates all functions of the gastrointestinal tract,consists of endocrine cells that are scattered among the epithelial cells of the mucosa,and the enteric nervous system.Although it is capable of operating independently from the centra nervous system(CNS),the gut NES is connected to and modulated by the CNS.This review presents evidence for the presence of an anatomical defect in IBS patients,namely in the gastrointestinal endocrine cells.These cells have specialized microvilli that project into the lumen and function as sensors for the luminal content and respond to luminal stimuli by releasing hormones into the lamina propria,which starts a chain reaction that progresses throughout the entire NES.The changes in the gastrointestinal endocrine cells observed in IBS patients are highly consistent with the other abnormalities reported in IBS patients,such as visceral hypersensitivity,dysmotility,and abnormal secretion. | Magdy El-Salhy Doris Gundersen Odd Helge Gilja Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Trygve Hausken | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，2： | 11 |
| 7 | 关于开放获取出版模式转型的观察与思考显示文摘本文从科学计量学、科研政策管理以及商业出版等视角探讨了开放获取转型的发展历程、现状以及影响。研究发现采取开放获取模式的期刊呈逐年增长的趋势,但其总占比仍然较低;在欧洲兴起的'S计划'将成为向开放获取模式转型的重要推动力;APC付费模式仍是开放获取模式所面临的一个挑战;期刊的所有权将成为学术界后续关注的问题。 | Gunnar Sivertsen 孙异凡(译) 丁念(校) | 2019 | 图书情报知识2019，36，4： | 10 |
| 8 | Towards reliable Arctic sea ice prediction using multivariate data assimilation显示文摘Rapid declines in Arctic sea ice have captured attention and pose significant challenges to a variety of stakeholders. There is a rising demand for Arctic sea ice prediction at daily to seasonal time scales, which is partly a sea ice initial condition problem. Thus, a multivariate data assimilation that integrates sea ice observations to generate realistic and skillful model initialization is needed to improve predictive skill of Arctic sea ice. Sea ice data assimilation is a relatively new research area. In this review paper, we focus on two challenges for implementing multivariate data assimilation systems for sea ice forecast. First, to address the challenge of limited spatiotemporal coverage and large uncertainties of observations, we discuss sea ice parameters derived from satellite remote sensing that(1) have been utilized for improved model initialization, including concentration, thickness and drift, and(2) are currently under development with the potential for enhancing the predictability of Arctic sea ice, including melt ponds and sea ice leads. Second, to strive to generate the ‘‘best' estimate of sea ice initial conditions by combining model simulations/forecasts and observations, we review capabilities and limitations of different data assimilation techniques that have been developed and used to assimilate observed sea ice parameters in dynamical models. | Jiping Liu Zhiqiang Chen Yongyun Hu Yuanyuan Zhang Yifan Ding Xiao Cheng Qinghua Yang Lars Nerger Gunnar Spreen Radley Horton Jun Inoue Chaoyuan Yang Ming Li Mirong Song | 2019 | Science Bulletin2019，64，1： | 10 |
| 9 | Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine peptides/amines in inflammatory bowel disease显示文摘Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic recurrent condition whose etiology is unknown,and it includes ulcerative colitis,Crohn's disease,and microscopic colitis. These three diseases differ in clinical manifestations,courses,and prognoses. IBD reduces the patients' quality of life and is an economic burden to both the patients and society. Interactions between the gastrointestinal(GI) neuroendocrine peptides/amines(NEPA) and the immune system are believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of IBD. Moreover,the interaction between GI NEPA and intestinal microbiota appears to play also a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of IBD. This review summarizes the available data on GI NEPA in IBD,and speculates on their possible role in the pathophysiology and the potential use of this information when developing treatments. GI NEPA serotonin,the neuropeptide Y family,and substance P are proinflammatory,while the chromogranin/secretogranin family,vasoactive intestinal peptide,somatostatin,and ghrelin are antiinflammatory. Several innate and adaptive immune cells express these NEPA and/or have receptors to them. The GI NEPA are affected in patients with IBD and in animal models of human IBD. The GI NEPA are potentially useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of the activity of IBD,and are candidate targets for treatments of this disease. | Magdy El-Salhy Tefera Solomon Trygve Hausken Odd Helge Gilja Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，28： | 8 |
| 10 | Reduction in duodenal endocrine cells in irritable bowel syndrome is associated with stem cell abnormalities显示文摘AIM: To determine whether the decreased density of duodenal endocrine cells in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) is associated with abnormalities in stem cell differentiation.METHODS: The study sample comprised 203 patients with IBS(180 females and 23 males with a mean age of 36 years) and a control group of 86 healthy subjects without gastrointestinal complaints(77 females and 9 males with a mean age of 38 years). The patients included 80 with mostly diarrhoea(IBS-D), 47 with both diarrhoea and constipation(IBS-M), and 76 with mostly constipation(IBS-C). Both the patients and controls underwent gastroscopy and four biopsy samples were taken from the descending part of the duodenum, proximal to the papilla of Vater. The biopsy samples were sectioned and immunostained for Musashi 1(Msi-1), neurogenin 3(NEUROG3), secretin, cholecystokinin(CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide(GIP), somatostatin and serotonin. Immunostainingwas performed with an ultra View Universal DAB Detection Kit(v1.02.0018, Venata Medical Systems, Basal, Switzerl and) using the Bench Mark Ult ra immunohistochemistry/in situ hybridization staining module(Venata Medical Systems). Endocrine cell densities were quantified by computerized image analysis using the Olympus cell Sens imaging program.RESULTS: The densities of Msi-1 and NEUROG3 cells were significantly lower in IBS patients, regardless of the subtype, than in the controls(77 ± 17 vs 8 ± 2; P = 0.0001, and 351 ± 33 vs 103 ± 22; P = 0.00002, respectively). Furthermore, the densities of secretin, and CCK cells were significantly lower in patients with diarrhoea as the predominant IBS symptom(IBS-D) than in the controls(161 ± 11 vs 88 ± 8; P = 0.00007, and 325 ± 41 vs 118 ± 10; P = 0.00006, respectively), but not in patients with constipation as the predominant IBS symptom(IBS-C) or those with both diarrhoea and constipation(IBS-M). The GIP cell density was significantly reduced in both IBS-D(152 ± 12 vs 82 ± 7; P = 0.00003), and IBS-C(152 ± 12 vs 107 ± 8; P = 0.01), but not in IBS-M. The densities of somatostatin cells in the controls and the IBS-total, IBS-D, IBS-M and IBS-C patients were 81 ± 8, 28 ± 3, 20 ± 4, 37 ± 5 and 28 ± 4 cells/mm2 epithelium, respectively. The density of somatostatin cells was lower in IBS-total, IBS-D, IBS-M and IBS-C patients than in the controls(P = 0.00009, 0.00006, 0.009 and 0.00008, respectively). The density of serotonin cells did not differ between IBS patients and controls.CONCLUSION: The reduction in duodenal endocrine cells in IBS patients found in this study is probably attributable to the reduction in cells expressing Msi-1 and NEUROG3. | Magdy El-Salhy Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Trygve Hausken | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，32： | 7 |
| 11 | 重复性注射镉金属硫蛋白诱导小鼠肾脏金属硫蛋白基因的表达显示文摘目的 探讨重复性注射镉金属硫蛋白 (CdMT)对小鼠肾脏金属硫蛋白 (MT)基因表达的影响。方法 以 β actin为内参照 ,采用半定量RT PCR方法检测重复性CdMT染毒后小鼠肾脏MT1和MT2基因的表达水平及与染镉剂量和肾皮质镉含量之间的相关性。结果 随着CdMT剂量的增加 ,MT1、MT2基因的表达水平都相应升高 ,当CdMT染毒总剂量达到 0 .6 0mg/kg时 ,肾皮质中MT1、MT2基因的表达水平分别为 1.6 0± 0 .12及 1.44± 0 .0 5 ,与相应的对照组 (1.2 2± 0 .16及 0 .92± 0 .12 )相比 ,均明显升高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;肾皮质中MT1及MT2基因表达水平分别与肾皮质中镉的含量呈正相关 ,其相关系数分别为r=0 .72 (P <0 .0 1)及r=0 .71(P <0 .0 1)。结论 镉对MT1及MT2基因表达具有较强的诱导能力 ; | 逄兵 金泰廙 胡云平 蒋学之 Nordberg Gunnar | 2001 | 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志2001，19，1： | 7 |
| 12 | A Criteria-based Assessment of the Coverage of Scopus and Web of Science显示文摘Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the coverage of the scientific literature in Scopus and Web of Science from the perspective of research evaluation.Design/methodology/approach: The academic communities of Norway have agreed on certain criteria for what should be included as original research publications in research evaluation and funding contexts. These criteria have been applied since 2004 in a comprehensive bibliographic database called the Norwegian Science Index(NSI). The relative coverages of Scopus and Web of Science are compared with regard to publication type, field of research and language.Findings: Our results show that Scopus covers 72 percent of the total Norwegian scientific and scholarly publication output in 2015 and 2016, while the corresponding figure for Web of Science Core Collection is 69 percent. The coverages are most comprehensive in medicine and health(89 and 87 percent) and in the natural sciences and technology(85 and 84 percent). The social sciences(48 percent in Scopus and 40 percent in Web of Science Core Collection) and particularly the humanities(27 and 23 percent) are much less covered in the two international data sources. Research limitation: Comparing with data from only one country is a limitation of the study, but the criteria used to define a country's scientific output as well as the identification of patterns of field-dependent partial representations in Scopus and Web of Science should be recognizable and useful also for other countries. Originality/value: The novelty of this study is the criteria-based approach to studying coverage problems in the two data sources. | Dag W.Aksnes Gunnar Sivertsen | 2019 | Journal of Data and Information Science2019，4，1： | 7 |
| 13 | Impact of tree diversity and environmental conditions on the survival of shrub species in a forest biodiversity experiment in subtropical China显示文摘Aims Although shrubs are an important component of forests,their role has not yet been considered in forest biodiversity experiments.In the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning(BEF)experiment with subtropical tree species in south-east China(BEF-China),we factorially combined tree with shrub species-diversity treatments.Here,we tested the hypotheses that shrub survival differs between the 10 planted shrub species,with lower survival rates of late-than early-successional species and is affected by environmental conditions,such as topography and top soil characteristics,as well as by biotic factors,represented by tree,shrub and herb layer characteristics.Methods We analyzed the survival of 42000 shrub individuals in 105 plots varying in tree and shrub species richness of the BEF-China project four years after planting.Shrub survival was analyzed with generalized linear mixed effects models at the level of individuals and with variance partitioning at the plot level.Random intercept and random slope models of different explanatory variables were compared with respect to the Bayesian Information Criterion(BIC).Important Findings Survival rates differed largely between the 10 shrub species,ranging from 26%to 91%for Ardisia crenata and Distylium buxifolium,respectively.Irrespective of species identity,single abiotic factors explained up to 5%of species survival,with a negative effect of altitude and slope inclination and a positive effect of the topsoil carbon to nitrogen ratio,which pointed to drought as the major cause of shrub mortality.In contrast,neither tree nor shrub richness affected shrub survival at this early stage of the experiment.Among the biotic predictors,only herb layer species richness and cover of the dominant fern species(Dicranopteris pedata)affected shrub survival.Overall,our models that included all variables could explain about 65%in shrub survival,with environmental variables being most influential,followed by shrub species identity,while tree species diversity(species richness and identity)and herb layer characteristics contributed much less.Thus,in this early stage of the experiment the biotic interactions among shrubs and between shrubs and trees have not yet overruled the impact of abiotic environmental factors. | Bo Yang Ying Li Bingyang Ding Sabine Both Alexandra Erfmeier Werner Härdtle Keping Ma Bernhard Schmid Thomas Scholten Gunnar Seidler Goddert von Oheimb Xuefei Yang Helge Bruelheide | 2017 | Journal of Plant Ecology2017，10，1： | 7 |
| 14 | Subcutaneous Golimumab Induces Clinical Response and Remission in Patients with Moderate-To-Severe Ulcerative Colitis显示文摘 | William J. Sandborn Brian G. Feagan Colleen Marano Hongyan Zhang Richard Strauss Jewel Johanns Omoniyi J. Adedokun Cynthia Guzzo Jean-Frederic Colombel Walter Reinisch Peter R. Gibson Judith Collins Gunnar J?rnerot Toshifumi Hibi Paul Rutgeerts | 2013 | Gastroenterology2013，，： | 6 |
| 15 | Subcutaneous Golimumab Maintains Clinical Response in Patients with Moderate-To-Severe Ulcerative Colitis显示文摘 | William J. Sandborn Brian G. Feagan Colleen Marano Hongyan Zhang Richard Strauss Jewel Johanns Omoniyi J. Adedokun Cynthia Guzzo Jean-Frederic Colombel Walter Reinisch Peter R. Gibson Judith Collins Gunnar J?rnerot Paul Rutgeerts | 2013 | Gastroenterology2013，，： | 5 |
| 16 | Endocrine cells in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome显示文摘AIM:To study the ileal endocrine cell types in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)patients.METHODS:Ninety-eight patients with IBS(77 females and 21 males;mean age 35 years,range 18-66 years)were included,of which 35 patients had diarrhea(IBS-D),31 patients had a mixture of both diarrhea and constipation(IBS-M),and 32 patients had constipation(IBS-C)as the predominant symptoms.The controls were 38 subjects(26 females and 12 males;mean age 40 years,range 18-65 years)who had submitted to colonoscopy for the following reasons:gastrointestinal bleeding,where the source of bleeding was identified as hemorrhoids(n=24)or angiodysplasia(n=3),and health worries resulting from a relative being diagnosed with colon carcinoma(n=11).The patients were asked to complete the:Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire.Ileal biopsy specimens from all subjects were immunostained using the avidinbiotin-complex method for serotonin,peptide YY(PYY),pancreatic polypeptide(PP),enteroglucagon,and somatostatin cells.The cell densities were quantified by computerized image analysis,using Olympus cellSens imaging software.RESULTS:The gender and age distributions did not differ significantly between the patients and the controls(P=0.27 and P=0.18,respectively).The total score of Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire was21±0.8,and the three underlying dimensions:pain,diarrhea,and constipation were 7.2±0.4,6.6±0.4,and 7.2±0.4,respectively.The density of serotonin cells in the ileum was 40.6±3.6 cells/mm2in the controls,and 11.5±1.2,10.7±5.6,10.0±1.9,and13.9±1.4 cells/mm2in the all IBS patients(IBS-total),IBS-D,IBS-M,and IBS-C patients,respectively.The density in the controls differed significantly from those in the IBS-total,IBS-D,IBS-M,and IBS-C groups(P<0.0001,P=0.0001,P=0.0001,and P<0.0001,respectively).There was a significant inverse correlation between the serotonin cell density and the pain dimension of Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire(r=-0.6,P=0.0002).The density of PYY cells was 26.7±1.6 cells/mm2in the controls,and 33.1±1.4,27.5±1.4,34.1±2.5,and 41.7±3.1 cells/mm2in the IBStotal,IBS-D,IBS-M,and IBS-C patients,respectively.This density differed significantly between patients with IBS-total and IBS-C and the controls(P=0.03 and<0.0001,respectively),but not between controls and,IBS-D,and IBS-M patients(P=0.8,and P=0.1,respectively).The density of PYY cells correlated significantly with the degree of constipation as recorded by the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire(r=0.6,P=0.0002).There were few PP-,enteroglucagon-,and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the biopsy material examined,which made it impossible to reliably quantify these cells.CONCLUSION:The decrease of ileal serotonin cells is associated with the visceral hypersensitivity seen in all IBS subtypes.The increased density of PYY cells in IBS-C might contribute to the constipation experienced by these patients. | Magdy El-Salhy Odd Helge Gilja Doris Gundersen Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Trygve Hausken | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，9： | 5 |
| 17 | High densities of serotonin and peptide YY cells in the colon of patients with lymphocytic colitis显示文摘AIM:To investigate colonic endocrine cells in lymphocytic colitis(LC) patients.METHODS:Fifty-seven patients with LC were included.These patients were 41 females and 16 males,with an average age of 49 years(range 19-84 years).Twenty-seven subjects that underwent colonoscopy with biopsies were used as controls.These subjects underwent colonoscopy because of gastrointestinal bleeding or health worries,where the source of bleeding was identified as haemorrhoids or angiodysplasia.They were 19 females and 8 males with an average age of 49 years(range 18-67 years).Biopsies from the right and left colon were obtained from both patients and controls during colonoscopy.Biopsies were fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde,embedded in paraffin and cut into 5 m-thick sections.The sections immunostained by the avidin-biotin-complex method for serotonin,peptide YY(PYY),pancreatic polypeptide(PP) enteroglucagon and somatostatin cells.The cell densities were quantified by computerised image analysis using Olympus software.RESULTS:The colon of both the patient and the control subjects were macroscopically normal.Histopathological examination of colon biopsies from controls revealed normal histology.All patients fulfilled the diagnosis criteria required for of LC:an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes(> 20 lymphocytes/100 epithelial cells) and surface epithelial damage with increased lamina propria plasma cells and absent or minimal crypt architectural distribution.In the colon of both patients and control subjects,serotonin-,PYY-,PP-,enteroglucagon-and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were primarily located in the upper part of the crypts of Lieberkühn.These cells were basket-or flask-shaped.There was no statistically significant difference between the right and left colon in controls with regards to the densities of serotonin-and PYYimmunoreactive cells(P = 0.9 and 0.1,respectively).Serotonin cell density in the right colon in controls was 28.9 ± 1.8 and in LC patients 41.6 ± 2.6(P = 0.008).In the left colon,the corresponding figures were 28.5 ± 1.9 and 42.4 ± 2.9,respectively(P = 0.009).PYY cell density in the right colon of the controls was 10.1 ± 1 and of LC patients 41 ± 4(P = 0.00006).In the left colon,PYY cell density in controls was 6.6 ± 1.2 and in LC patients 53.3 ± 4.6(P = 0.00007).CONCLUSION:The change in serotonin cells could be caused by an interaction between immune cells and serotonin cells,and that of PYY density might be secondary. | Magdy El-Salhy Doris Gundersen Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk Trygve Hausken | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，42： | 5 |
| 18 | Tumor mutational burden as a new biomarker for PD-1 antibody treatment in gastric cancer显示文摘Gastric cancer is the fifth most frequently occurring can-cer worldwide.China has the largest gastric cancer pop-ulation and nearly half of the patients are diagnosed as advanced-stage[1].The prognosis of most patients with advanced gastric cancer(AGC)remains dismal even despite the approval of several novel chemotherapy drugs and targeted therapy agents.Similarly,immune check-point inhibitors(ICIs)such as programmed death-1(PD-1)antibody have shown promising activity in various solid tumors.Two PD-1 antibodies,pembrolizumab[2]and nivolumab[3],were approved for AGC patients who had treatment failure with chemotherapy.However,the overall response rate(ORR)and the survival benefits of pembrolizumab(11.6%;OS 5.6 months)and nivolumab(nivolumab vs placebo ORR 11%vs 0%,P<0.0001;OS 5.3 vs 4.1 months,P<0.0001)were moderate. | Gunnar Folprecht | 2019 | Cancer Communications2019，39，1： | 5 |
| 19 | Gastric cancer:Animal studies on the risk of hypoacidity and hypergastrinemia显示文摘Gastric hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia are seen in several conditions associated with an increased risk of gastric malignancy.Hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia are closely related and their long-term effects are difficult to study separately in patients.Studies using animal models can provide valuable information about risk factors and mechanisms in gastric cancer development as the models allow a high degree of intervention when introducing or eliminating factors possibly affecting carcinogenesis.In this report,we briefly review findings from relevant animal studies on this topic.Animal models of gastric hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia provide evidence hypergastrinaemia is a common causative factor in many otherwise diverse settings.In all species where sufficient hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia have been induced,a proportion of the animals develop malignant lesions in the gastric oxyntic mucosa. | Reidar Fossmark Gunnar Qvigstad Helge L Waldum | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，11： | 5 |
| 20 | Persistent organic pollutants and male reproductive health显示文摘象坚持的器官的污染物质(流行音乐) 那样的环境沾染物是人造的有在第二十个世纪期间在许多消费者产品由于重使用在全世界被发现的长一半生活的 bioaccumulative 混合物。野生动物和动物研究长在人的繁殖健康上建议了暴露的不利效果到这些混合物,根据内分泌的 disrupter 假设,它被归功于到 compounds’防碍内分泌的发信号的潜力,特别当暴露发生在某些阶段期间时胎儿并且童年开发。流行病学的研究的一个广泛的数字在男繁殖健康上探讨了暴露的可能的效果到流行音乐,但是结果正在冲突。因此远,大多数研究集中了于在成人生活期间调查暴露和不同繁殖健康结果。一些研究在出生或繁殖开发关于畸形性探讨了胎儿的暴露的潜在的有害效果,而仅仅一些研究能评估到流行音乐的子宫内的暴露是否在成人生活在精液质量标记和繁殖荷尔蒙层次上与可测量的效果为男繁殖健康有长期的后果。人不一次,但是相当暴露于单个混合物,到有潜在的分叉的神经质的效果的许多不同物质。因此,怎么分析流行病学的数据到最好在上,联合了暴露遗体重要挑战。流行音乐上的这评论将关于暴露的潜在的效果集中于当前的知识到流行音乐在期间胎儿并且童年生活并且在男繁殖健康上的成人生活期间包括内分泌的混乱假设的批评修订,对是的 pubertal 开发的一个评价怎么在流行病学的研究说明联合暴露上的繁殖开发和一篇注释的部分。 | Anne Vested Aleksander Giwercman Jens Peter Bonde Gunnar Toil- | 2014 | Asian Journal of Andrology2014，16，1： | 5 |
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