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| 1 | Fluid balance concepts in medicine:Principles and practice显示文摘The regulation of body fluid balance is a key concern in health and disease and comprises three concepts. The first concept pertains to the relationship between total body water(TBW) and total effective solute and is expressed in terms of the tonicity of the body fluids. Disturbances in tonicity are the main factor responsible for changes in cell volume, which can critically affect brain cell function and survival. Solutes distributed almost exclusively in the extracellular compartment(mainly sodium salts) and in the intracellular compartment(mainly potassium salts) contribute to tonicity, while solutes distributed in TBW have no effect on tonicity. The second body fluid balance concept relates to the regulation and measurement of abnormalities of sodium salt balance and extracellular volume. Estimation of extracellular volume is more complex and error prone than measurement of TBW. A key function of extracellular volume, which is defined as the effective arterial blood volume(EABV), is to ensure adequate perfusion of cells and organs. Other factors, including cardiac output, total and regional capacity of both arteries and veins, Starling forces in the capillaries, and gravity also affect the EABV. Collectively, these factors interact closely with extracellular volume and some of them undergo substantial changes in certain acute and chronic severe illnesses. Their changes result not only in extracellular volume expansion, but in the need for a larger extracellular volume compared with that of healthy individuals. Assessing extracellular volume in severe illness is challenging because the estimates of this volume by commonly used methods are prone to large errors in many illnesses. In addition, the optimal extracellular volume may vary from illness to illness, is only partially based on volume measurements by traditional methods, and has not been determined for each illness. Further research is needed to determine optimal extracellular volume levels in several illnesses. For these reasons, extracellular volume in severe illness merits a separate third concept of body fluid balance. | Maria-Eleni Roumelioti Robert H Glew Zeid J Khitan Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos Deepak Malhotra Dominic S Raj Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2018 | World Journal of Nephrology2018，7，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Hypertonicity:Clinical entities,manifestations and treatment显示文摘Hypertonicity causes severe clinical manifestations and is associated with mortality and severe short-term and longterm neurological sequelae. The main clinical syndromes of hypertonicity are hypernatremia and hyperglycemia.Hypernatremia results from relative excess of body sodium over body water. Loss of water in excess of intake,gain of sodium salts in excess of losses or a combination of the two are the main mechanisms of hypernatremia.Hypernatremia can be hypervolemic,euvolemic or hypovolemic. The management of hypernatremia addresses both a quantitative replacement of water and,if present,sodium deficit,and correction of the underlying pathophysiologic process that led to hypernatremia.Hypertonicity in hyperglycemia has two components,solute gain secondary to glucose accumulation in the extracellular compartment and water loss through hyperglycemic osmotic diuresis in excess of the losses of sodium and potassium. Differentiating between these two components of hypertonicity has major therapeutic implications because the first component will be reversed simply by normalization of serum glucose concentration while the second component will require hypotonic fluid replacement. An estimate of the magnitude of the relative water deficit secondary to osmotic diuresis is obtained by the corrected sodium concentration,which represents a calculated value of the serum sodium concentration that would result from reduction of the serum glucose concentration to a normal level. | Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos Argyropoulos Todd S Ing Dominic S Raj Deepak Malhotra Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Zeid J Khitan Glen H Murata Joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas | 2017 | World Journal of Nephrology2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 3 | Adefovir nephrotoxicity: Possible role of mitochondrial DNA depletion显示文摘 | Nozomu Tanji Kurenai Tanji Neeraja Kambham Glen S Markowitz Alvin Bell Vivette D D’Agati | 2001 | Human Pathology2001，，7： | 2 |
| 4 | Prevalence and development of additional cardiac abnormalities in 1448 patients with congenital ventricular septal defects显示文摘 | GLEN S BURNS J BLOOMFIELD P | 2004 | Heart2004，90，： | 1 |
| 5 | A methodological critique of fifty-eight selected work experiments显示文摘 | Cummings T G Molloy E S Glen R | 1977 | Human Relations1977，30，8： | 1 |
| 6 | Micelles self-assembled from poly(ethylene oxide)- block -poly( N -hexyl stearate l -aspartamide) by a solvent evaporation method: effect on the solubilization and haemolytic activity of amphotericin B显示文摘 | Afsaneh Lavasanifar John Samuel Glen S Kwon | 2001 | Journal of Controlled Release2001，，： | 1 |
| 7 | Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA显示文摘 | Glen R B Jordan M P Zhang S Y | 2004 | Science of Total Environment2004，333，： | 1 |
| 8 | Developing critical thinking in higher education显示文摘 | Glen S | 1995 | Nurs Edu Today1995，15，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Micelle-like structures of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl spartamide)-methotrexate conjugates显示文摘 | L Yu S K Glen | 1999 | Colloids Surf1999，16，14： | 1 |
| 10 | Developing critical thinking in higher education 显示文摘 | Glen S | 1995 | Nurse Education Today1995，15，： | 1 |
| 11 | Online Trust: a Stakeholder Perspective, Concepts, Implications and Future Directions 显示文摘 | Venkatesh S Glen LU Fareena S | 2002 | Strategic Information Systems2002，，11： | 1 |
| 12 | Developing critical thinking in higher education 显示文摘 | Glen S | 1995 | Nurse Education Today1995，15，2： | 1 |
| 13 | Developing critical thinking in higher education显示文摘 | Glen S | 1995 | Nurse Education Today1995，15，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Poly(ethylene oxide)- block -poly( l -amino acid) micelles for drug delivery显示文摘 | Afsaneh Lavasanifar John Samuel Glen S Kwon | 2002 | Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews2002，，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Developing critical thinking in the higher education 显示文摘 | Glen S | 1995 | Nurse Edu Today1995，15，： | 1 |
| 16 | Developing critical thinking in higher education 显示文摘 | Glen S | 1995 | Nurse Edo ueationToday1995，15，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Emerging trans- parent electrodes based on thin films of carbon nanotubes, graphene and metallic nanostructures显示文摘 | Hecht David S HU Liang-bing Glen Irvin | 2011 | Adv Mater2011，23，： | 1 |
| 18 | Micelle-like structures of poly( ethylene oxide)- block-poly ( 2-hydroxyethyl spartamide ) -methotrexate conjugates 显示文摘 | Yu L Glen S K | 1999 | Colloids Surf1999，16，1234： | 1 |
| 19 | Stmcture analysis ofpeptide deformylases from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Thermotoga maritima and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Snapshots of the oxygen sensitivity of peptide deformylase显示文摘 | Andreas K Glen S Chris C L | 2003 | JMolBiol2003，330，： | 1 |
| 20 | Determining the growth mechanism of tolazamide by induction time measurement显示文摘 | Anuj K Glen S K GeoffG Z Z | | 0，，02： | 1 |
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