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| 1 | Discovery of new materials using combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput characterization of thin-film materials libraries combined with computational methods显示文摘This perspective provides an experimentalist’s view on materials discovery in multinary materials systems—from nanoparticles over thin films to bulk—based on combinatorial thin-film synthesis and high-throughput characterization in connection with highthroughput calculations and materials informatics.Complete multinary materials systems as well as composition gradients which cover all materials compositions necessary for verification/falsification of hypotheses and predictions are efficiently fabricated by combinatorial synthesis of thin-film materials libraries.Automated high-quality high-throughput characterization methods enable comprehensive determination of compositional,structural and(multi)functional properties of the materials contained in the libraries.The created multidimensional datasets enable data-driven materials discoveries and support efficient optimization of newly identified materials,using combinatorial processing.Furthermore,these datasets are the basis for multifunctional existence diagrams,comprising correlations between composition,processing,structure and properties,which can be used for the design of future materials. | Alfred Ludwig | 2019 | npj Computational Materials2019，，1： | 4 |
| 2 | Deep learning for visualization and novelty detection in large X-ray diffraction datasets显示文摘We apply variational autoencoders(VAE)to X-ray diffraction(XRD)data analysis on both simulated and experimental thin-film data.We show that crystal structure representations learned by a VAE reveal latent information,such as the structural similarity of textured diffraction patterns.While other artificial intelligence(AI)agents are effective at classifying XRD data into known phases,a similarly conditioned VAE is uniquely effective at knowing what it doesn’t know:it can rapidly identify data outside the distribution it was trained on,such as novel phases and mixtures.These capabilities demonstrate that a VAE is a valuable AI agent for aiding materials discovery and understanding XRD measurements both‘on-the-fly’and during post hoc analysis. | Lars Banko Phillip M.Maffettone Dennis Naujoks Daniel Olds Alfred Ludwig | 2021 | npj Computational Materials2021，，1： | 2 |
| 3 | Magnetostrictive actuation in Microsystems 显示文摘 | Eckhard Quandt Alfred Ludwig | 2000 | Sensors and actuators2000，81，： | 1 |
| 4 | Giant Magnetostrictive Thin Films for Applications in Microelectromechanical system 显示文摘 | Alfred Ludwig Eckhard Quandt | 2000 | Journal of Applied Physics2000，87，9： | 1 |
| 5 | Dependence of grain sizes and microstrains on annealing temperature in Fe/Pt multilayers and L10 FePt thin films显示文摘 | Nikolay Zotov Jürgen Feydt Alfred Ludwig | 2008 | Thin Solid Films2008，517，： | 1 |
| 6 | Giant Magnetostrictive Thin Films for Applications in Microelectromechanical systems 显示文摘 | Eckhard Quandt | 2000 | Journal of Applied Physics2000，879，： | 1 |
| 7 | Searching novel complex solid solution electrocatalysts in unconventional element combinations显示文摘Despite outstanding accomplishments in catalyst discovery,finding new,more efficient,environmentally neutral,and noble metalfree catalysts remains challenging and unsolved.Recently,complex solid solutions consisting of at least five different elements and often named as high-entropy alloys have emerged as a new class of electrocatalysts for a variety of reactions.The multicomponent combinations of elements facilitate tuning of active sites and catalytic properties.Predicting optimal catalyst composition remains difficult,making testing of a very high number of them indispensable.We present the high-throughput screening of the electrochemical activity of thin film material libraries prepared by combinatorial co-sputtering of metals which are commonly used in catalysis(Pd,Cu,Ni)combined with metals which are not commonly used in catalysis(Ti,Hf,Zr).Introducing unusual elements in the search space allows discovery of catalytic activity for hitherto unknown compositions.Material libraries with very similar composition spreads can show different activities vs.composition trends for different reactions.In order to address the inherent challenge of the huge combinatorial material space and the inability to predict active electrocatalyst compositions,we developed a high-throughput process based on co-sputtered material libraries,and performed high-throughput characterization using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),scanning transmission electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and conductivity measurements followed by electrochemical screening by means of a scanning droplet cell.The results show surprising material compositions with increased activity for the oxygen reduction reaction and the hydrogen evolution reaction.Such data are important input data for future data-driven materials prediction. | Olga A.Krysiak Simon Schumacher Alan Savan Wolfgang Schuhmann Alfred Ludwig Corina Andronescu | 2022 | Nano Research2022，15，6： | 0 |
| 8 | Phase constitution of the noble metal thin-film complex solid solution system Ag-Ir-Pd-Pt-Ru in dependence of elemental compositions and annealing temperatures显示文摘Multiple-principal element alloys hold great promise for multifunctional material discovery(e.g.,for novel electrocatalysts based on complex solid solutions)in a virtually unlimited compositional space.Here,the phase constitution of the noble metal system Ag-Ir-Pd-Pt-Ru was investigated over a large compositional range in the quinary composition space and for different annealing temperatures from 600 to 900°C using thin-film materials libraries.Composition-dependent X-ray diffraction mapping of the asdeposited thin-film materials library indicates different phases being present across the composition space(face-centered cubic(fcc),hexagonal close packed(hcp)and mixed fcc+hcp),which are strongly dependent on the Ru content.In general,low Ru contents promote the fcc phase,whereas high Ru contents favor the formation of an hcp solid-solution phase.Furthermore,a temperature-induced phase transformation study was carried out for a selected measurement area of fcc-Ag_(5)Ir_(8)Pd_(56)Pt_(8)Ru_(23).With increasing temperature,the initial fcc phase transforms to an intermediate C14-type Laves phase at 360°C,and then to hcp when the temperature reaches 510°C.The formation and disappearance of the hexagonal Laves phase,which covers a wide temperature range,plays a crucial role of bridging the fcc to hcp phase transition.The obtained composition,phase and temperature data are transformed into phase maps which could be used to guide theoretical studies and lay a basis for tuning the functional properties of these materials. | Bin Xiao Xiao Wang Alan Savan Alfred Ludwig | 2022 | Nano Research2022，15，6： | 0 |
| 9 | Research Article Local structure and magnetic properties of a nanocrystalline Mnrich Cantor alloy thin film down to the atomic scale显示文摘The huge atomic heterogeneity of high-entropy materials along with a possibility to unravel the behavior of individual components at the atomic scale suggests a great promise in designing new compositionally complex systems with the desired multifunctionality.Herein,we apply multi-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy(extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS),Xray absorption near edge structure(XANES),and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism(XMCD))to probe the structural,electronic,and magnetic properties of all individual constituents in the single-phase face-centered cubic(fcc)-structured nanocrystalline thin film of Cr_(20)Mn_(26)Fe_(18)Co_(19)Ni_(17)(at.%)high-entropy alloy on the local scale.The local crystallographic ordering and componentdependent lattice displacements were explored within the reverse Monte Carlo approach applied to EXAFS spectra collected at the K absorption edges of several constituents at room temperature.A homogeneous short-range fcc atomic environment around the absorbers of each type with very similar statistically averaged interatomic distances(2.54-2.55Å)to their nearest-neighbors and enlarged structural relaxations of Cr atoms were revealed.XANES and XMCD spectra collected at the L2,3 absorption edges of all principal components at low temperature from the oxidized and in situ cleaned surfaces were used to probe the oxidation states,the changes in the electronic structure,and magnetic behavior of all constituents at the surface and in the sub-surface volume of the film.The spin and orbital magnetic moments of Fe,Co,and Ni components were quantitatively evaluated.The presence of magnetic phase transitions and the co-existence of different magnetic phases were uncovered by conventional magnetometry in a broad temperature range. | Alevtina Smekhova Alexei Kuzmin Konrad Siemensmeyer Chen Luo James Taylor Sangeeta Thakur Florin Radu Eugen Weschke Ana Guilherme Buzanich Bin Xiao Alan Savan Kirill V.Yusenko Alfred Ludwig | 2023 | Nano Research2023，16，4： | 0 |
| 10 | Combinatorial Synthesis and High-Throughput Characterization of Microstructure and Phase Transformation in Ni-Ti-Cu-V Quaternary Thin-Film Library显示文摘Ni-Ti-based shape memory alloys(SMAs)have found widespread use in the last 70 years,but improving their functional stability remains a key quest for more robust and advanced applications.Named for their ability to retain their processed shape as a result of a reversible martensitic transformation,SMAs are highly sensitive to compositional variations.Alloying with ternary and quaternary elements to finetune the lattice parameters and the thermal hysteresis of an SMA,therefore,becomes a challenge in materials exploration.Combinatorial materials science allows streamlining of the synthesis process and data management from multiple characterization techniques.In this study,a composition spread of Ni-Ti-Cu-V thin-film library was synthesized by magnetron co-sputtering on a thermally oxidized Si wafer.Composition-dependent phase transformation temperature and microstructure were investigated and determined using high-throughput wavelength dispersive spectroscopy,synchrotron X-ray diffraction,and temperature-dependent resistance measurements.Of the 177 compositions in the materials library,32 were observed to have shape memory effect,of which five had zero or near-zero thermal hysteresis.These compositions provide flexibility in the operating temperature regimes that they can be used in.A phase map for the quaternary system and correlations of functional properties are discussed w让h respect to the local microstructure and composition of the thin-film library. | Naila M.Al Hasan Huilong Hou Suchismita Sarkar Sigurd Thienhaus Apurva Mehta Alfred Ludwig Ichiro Takeuchi | 2020 | Engineering2020，6，6： | 0 |
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