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| 1 | Contemporary tectonic stress field in China显示文摘The contemporary tectonic stress field in China is obtained on the basis of Chinese stress field database and Harvard CMT catalogue.Result of the inverted tectonic stresses shows that the maximum principal stress axis strikes nearly north-south direction in the west part of Tibet plateau,ENE direction in North China.In Central China,its strikes show a radiated pattern,i.e.,NNE in north part and NNW in south part.The detailed stress field parameters of nearly whole China are given and can be used in geodynamic stress field simulation and earthquake prediction. | YonggeWan | 2010 | Earthquake Science2010，23，4： | 71 |
| 2 | Crustal structure of the northeastern Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin from ambient noise tomography显示文摘We apply ambient noise tomography to significant seismic data resources in a region including the northeastern Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin.The seismic data come from about 160 stations of the provincial broadband digital seismograph networks of China.Ambient noise cross-correlations are performed on the data recorded between 2007 and 2009 and high quality inter-station Rayleigh phase velocity dispersion curves are obtained between periods of 6 s to 35 s.Resulting Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps possess a lateral resolution between 100 km and 200 km.The phase velocities at short periods (<20 s) are lower in the Sichuan basin,the northwest segment of the Ordos block and the Weihe graben,and outline sedimentary deposits.At intermediate and long periods (>25 s),strong high velocity anomalies are observed within the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin and low phase velocities are imaged in the northeastern Tibetan plateau,reflecting the variation of crustal thickness from the Tibetan plateau to the neighboring regions in the east.Crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocities vary strongly between the Tibetan plateau,the Sichuan basin and the Ordos block.The Ordos block and the Sichuan basin are dominated by high shear wave velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle.There is a triangle-shaped low velocity zone located in the northeastern Tibetan plateau,whose width narrows towards the eastern margin of the plateau.No low velocity zone is apparent beneath the Qinling orogen,suggesting that mass may not be able to flow eastward through the boundary between the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin in the crust and uppermost mantle. | Yong Zheng Yingjie Yang Michael H. Ritzwoller Xiufen Zheng Xiong Xiong Zuning Li | 2010 | Earthquake Science2010，23，5： | 43 |
| 3 | Component azimuths of the CEArray stations estimated from P-wave particle motion显示文摘The recently built China Digital Seismic Network consists of the China National Digital Seismic Network (CNDSN),31 regional seismic networks and several small aperture arrays with more than 1 000 stations including 850+ broadband stations.It forms a gigantic seismic array that provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the Earth's deep interior besides its routine task of seismic monitoring.Many modern seismic studies rely on rotation of vertical and horizontal components in order to separate different types of seismic waves.Knowledge of the orientations of the two horizontal components thus is important to perform a correction rotation.We analyzed particle motions of teleseismic P waves recorded by the network and used them to estimate the northcomponent azimuth of each station.An SNR-weighted-multi-event method was introduced to obtain component azimuths that best explain the P-wave particle motions of all the events recorded at a station.The method provides robust estimates including a measurement error calculated from background noise levels.We found that about one third of the stations have some sort of problems,including misorientation of the two horizontal components,mislabeling and polarity reversal in one or more components.These problems need to be taken into account for any rotation based seismic studies. | Fenglin Niu Juan Li | 2011 | Earthquake Science2011，24，1： | 43 |
| 4 | Shear-wave splitting beneath Yunnan area of Southwest China显示文摘Systematic analyses of seismic data recorded by the Yunnan regional seismograph network reveal significant crustal and upper mantle anisotropy.Splitting of the S phase of local earthquakes and teleseismic SKS,PKS,and SKKS phases indicates time-delays from 1.60 ms/km to 2.30 ms/km in the crust,and from 0.55 s to 1.65 s in the upper mantle which corresponds to an anisotropic layer with a thickness about between 55-165 km.The polarization orientations of fast shear waves in the crust are complicated with a predominantly north-south direction,and the mantle anisotropy has a nearly west-east direction.Our results show different deformation styles and mechanisms exist between the crust and upper mantle. | Yutao Shi Yuan Gao Youjin Su Qiong Wang | 2012 | Earthquake Science2012，25，1： | 46 |
| 5 | Relocation of the 10 March 2011 Yingjiang,China,earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications显示文摘An earthquake with MS5.8 occurred on 10 March 2011 in Yingjiang county,western Yunnan,China.This earthquake caused 25 deaths and over 250 injuries.In order to better understand the seismotectonics in the region,we collected the arrival time data from the Yunnan seismic observational bulletins during 1 January to 25 March 2011,and precisely hand-picked the arrival times from high-quality seismograms that were recorded by the temporary seismic stations deployed by our Institute of Crustal Dynamics,China Earthquake Administration.Using these arrival times,we relocated all the earthquakes including the Yingjiang mainshock and its aftershocks using the double-difference relocation algorithm.Our results show that the relocated earthquakes dominantly occurred along the ENE direction and formed an upside-down bow-shaped structure in depth.It is also observed that after the Yingjiang mainshock,some aftershocks extended toward the SSE over about 10 km.These results may indicate that the Yingjiang mainshock ruptured a conjugate fault system consisting of the ENE trending Da Yingjiang fault and a SSE trending blind fault.Such structural features could contribute to severely seismic hazards during the moderate-size Yingjiang earthquake. | Jianshe Lei Guangwei Zhang Furen Xie Yuan Li Youjin Su Lifang Liu Honghu Ma Junwei Zhang | 2012 | Earthquake Science2012，25，1： | 35 |
| 6 | Three dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China from ambient noise surface wave tomography显示文摘We determine the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in China using Green's functions obtained from seismic ambient noise cross-correlation.The data we use are from the China National Seismic Network,global and regional networks and PASSCAL stations in the region.We first acquire cross-correlation seismograms between all possible station pairs.We then measure the Rayleigh wave group and phase dispersion curves using a frequency-time analysis method from 8 s to 60 s.After that,Rayleigh wave group and phase velocity dispersion maps on 1° by 1° spatial grids are obtained at different periods.Finally,we invert these maps for the 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China at each grid node.The inversion results show large-scale structures that correlate well with surface geology.Near the surface,velocities in major basins are anomalously slow,consistent with the thick sediments.East-west contrasts are striking in Moho depth.There is also a fast mid-to-lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the major basins surrounding the Tibetan plateau (TP) and Tianshan (Junggar,Tarim,Ordos,and Sichuan).These strong blocks,therefore,appear to play an important role in confining the deformation of the TP and constraining its geometry to form its current triangular shape.In northwest TP in Qiangtang,slow anomalies extend from the crust to the mantle lithosphere.Meanwhile,widespread,a prominent low-velocity zone is observed in the middle crust beneath most of the central,eastern and southeastern Tibetan plateau,consistent with a weak (and perhaps mobile) middle crust. | Xinlei Sun Xiaodong Song Sihua Zheng Yingjie Yang Michael H. Ritzwoller | 2010 | Earthquake Science2010，23，5： | 28 |
| 7 | Coseismic vertical deformation of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from repeated levelings and its constraint on listric fault geometry显示文摘The devastating MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured two large parallel thrust faults along the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt.Preseismic and postseismic leveling data indicated the hanging wall of the YingxiuBeichuan-Nanba thrust fault mainly presented coseismic uplift with respect to the reference point at Pingwu county town, and the observed maximum uplift of 4.7 m is located at Beichuan county(Qushan town)which is about 100 m west of the fault scarp.The foot wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan-Nanba thrust fault mainly showed subsidence with maximum subsidence of 0.6 m near the rupture.By employing a listric dislocation model,we found that the fault geometry model of exponential dip angleδ=88°×[1-exp(-9/h)]with depth of 18 km and uniform thrust-slip of 5.6 m could fit the observed coseismic vertical deformation very well,which verifies the listric thrust model of the Longmenshan orogenic zone. | Qingliang Wang Duxin Cui Xi Zhang Wenping Wang Jinwen Liu Kang Tian Zhaoshan Song | 2009 | Earthquake Science2009，22，6： | 25 |
| 8 | The 20 April 2013 Lushan, Sichuan, mainshock, and its aftershock sequence: tectonic implications显示文摘Using the double-difference relocation algorithm,we relocated the 20 April 2013 Lushan,Sichuan,earthquake(MS7.0),and its 4,567 aftershocks recorded during the period between 20 April and May 3,2013.Our results showed that most aftershocks are relocated between10 and 20 km depths,but some large aftershocks were relocated around 30 km depth and small events extended upward near the surface.Vertical cross sections illustrate a shovel-shaped fault plane with a variable dip angle from the southwest to northeast along the fault.Furthermore,the dip angle of the fault plane is smaller around the mainshock than that in the surrounding areas along the fault.These results suggest that it may be easy to generate the strong earthquake in the place having a small dip angle of the fault,which is somewhat similar to the genesis of the 2008Wenchuan earthquake.The Lushan mainshock is underlain by the seismically anomalous layers with low-VP,low-VS,and high-Poisson’s ratio anomalies,possibly suggesting that the fluid-filled fractured rock matrices might significantly reduce the effective normal stress on the fault plane to bring the brittle failure.The seismic gap between Lushan and Wenchuan aftershocks is suspected to be vulnerable to future seismic risks at greater depths,if any. | Jianshe Lei Guangwei Zhang Furen Xie | 2014 | Earthquake Science2014，27，1： | 22 |
| 9 | Shear-wave splitting in the crust:Regional compressive stress from polarizations of fast shear-waves显示文摘When propagating through anisotropic rocks in the crust,shear-waves split into faster and slower components with almost orthogonal polarizations.For nearly vertical propagation the polarization of fast shear-wave(PFS)is parallel to both the strike of the cracks and the direction of maximum horizontal stress,therefore it is possible to use PFS to study stress in the crust.This study discusses several examples in which PFS is applied to deduce the compressive stress in North China,Longmenshan fault zone of east edge of Tibetan plateau and Yunnan zone of southeast edge of Tibetan plateau,also discusses temporal variations of PFS orientations of 1999 Xiuyan earthquake sequences of northeastern China.The results are consistent to those of other independent traditional stress measurements.There is a bridge between crustal PFS and the crustal principal compressive stress although there are many unclear disturbance sources.This study suggests the PFS results could be used to deduce regional and in situ principal compressive stress in the crust only if there are enough seismic stations and enough data.At least,PFS is a useful choice in the zone where there are a large number of dense seismic stations. | Yuan Gao Yutao Shi Jing Wu Lingxue Tai | 2012 | Earthquake Science2012，25，1： | 20 |
| 10 | Influencing factors of seismic signals generated by un-tuned large volume airgun array in a land reservoir显示文摘Un-tuned large volume airgun array in a water reservoir is recently proposed as a new way to generate seismic waves on land. It can be used to explore the earth velocity structure and its temporal variations as well.However, the characteristics of seismic signals(especially far-field signals) from an airgun array in a reservoir and its affecting factors(firing pressure, airgun towing depth,water level of the reservoir, etc.) has not been adequately studied. We analyzed the seismic data collected from field experiments at Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station in2011 and 2013 and found that(1) The similarity of seismic signals decrease with distance, which is most likely induced by the decay of signal amplitude and signal to noise ratio(SNR);(2) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are almost linearly proportional to the firing pressure;(3) The towing depth of airgun has less effects on the far-field signals;(4) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are proportional to the water level of the reservoir. | Meng Chen Wei Yang Weitao Wang Baoshan Wang Hongkui Ge Li Chen Yansheng Ding Jiyan Qiao Yong Chen | 2014 | Earthquake Science2014，27，4： | 19 |
| 11 | Crustal and uppermost mantle structure of SE Tibetan plateau from Rayleigh-wave group-velocity measurements显示文摘A shear-wave velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the SE Tibetan plateau was derived by inverting Rayleigh-wave group-velocity measurements of periods between 10 and 70 s. Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersions along more than 3,000 interstation paths were measured based on analysis of teleseismic waveform data recorded by temporary seismic stations. These observations were then utilized to construct2 D group-velocity maps in the period range of 10–70 s.The new group-velocity maps have an enhanced resolution compared with previous global and regional group-velocity models in this region because of the denser and more uniform data coverage. The lateral resolution across the region is about 0.5° for the periods used in this study. Local dispersion curves were then inverted for a 3D shear-wave velocity model of the region by applying a linear inversion scheme. Our 3D shear-wave model confirms the presence of low-velocity zones(LVZs) in the crust beneath the northern part of this region. Our imaging shows that the upper-middle crustal LVZ beneath the Tengchong region is isolated from these LVZs beneath the eastern and northern part of this region. The upper–middle crustal LVZ may be regarded as evidence of a magma chamber in the crust beneath the Tengchong Volcanoes. Our model also reveals a slow lithospheric structure beneath Tengchong and a fast shield-like mantle beneath the stable Yangtze block. | Yonghua Li Jiatie Pan Qingju Wu Zhifeng Ding | 2014 | Earthquake Science2014，27，4： | 19 |
| 12 | Internal structure of Longmenshan fault zone at Hongkou outcrop,Sichuan,China,that caused the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake显示文摘This paper reports the internal structures of the Beichuan fault zone of Longmenshan fault system that caused the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,at an outcrop in Hongkou,Sichuan province,China.Present work is a part of comprehensive project of Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration,trying to understand deformation processes in Longmenshan fault zones and eventually to reproduce Wenchuan earthquake by modeling based on measured mechanical and transport properties.Outcrop studies could be integrated with those performed on samples recovered from fault zone drilling,during the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling(WFSD) Project,to understand along-fault and depth variation of fault zone properties.The hanging wall side of the fault zone consists of weakly-foliated,clayey fault gouge of about 1 m in width and of several fault breccia zones of 30-40 m in total width.We could not find any pseudotachylite at this outcrop.Displacement during the Wenchuan earthquake is highly localized within the fault gouge layer along narrower slipping-zones of about 10 to 20 mm in width.This is an important constraint for analyzing thermal pressurization,an important dynamic weakening mechanism of faults.Overlapping patterns of striations on slickenside surface suggest that seismic slip at a given time occurred in even narrower zone of a few to several millimeters,so that localization of deformation must have occurred within a slipping zone during coseismic fault motion.Fault breccia zones are bounded by thin black gouge layers containing amorphous carbon.Fault gouge contains illite and chlorite minerals,but not smectite.Clayey fault gouge next to coseismic slipping zone also contains amorphous carbon and small amounts of graphite.The structural observations and mineralogical data obtained from outcrop exposures of the fault zone of the Wenchuan earthquake can be compared with those obtained from the WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 boreholes, which have been drilled very close to the Hongkou outcrop.The presence of carbon and graphite,observed next to the slipping-zone,may affect the mechanical properties of the fault and also provide useful information about coseismic chemical changes. | Tetsuhiro Togo Toshihiko Shimamoto Shengli Ma Xueze Wen Honglin He | 2011 | Earthquake Science2011，24，3： | 19 |
| 13 | Determination of focal depth by two waveform-based methods:A case study for the 2008 Panzhihua earthquake显示文摘With the 2008 M S 6.1 Panzhihua earthquake as a case study,we demonstrate that the focal depth of the main shock can be well constrained with two approaches:(1) using the depth phase sPL and (2) using full waveform inversion of local and teleseismic data.We also show that focal depths can be well constrained using the depth phase sPL with single broadband seismic station.Our study indicates that the main shock is located at a depth of 11 km,much shallower than those from other studies,confirming that the earthquake occurs in upper crust.Aftershocks are located in the depth range of 11-16 km,which is consistent with a ruptured near vertical fault whose width is about 10 km,as expected for an M S 6.1 earthquake. | Zhenjie Wang Jiajun Chong Sidao Ni Barbara Romanowicz | 2011 | Earthquake Science2011，24，4： | 17 |
| 14 | Electromagnetic anomaly before earthquakes measured by electromagnetic experiments显示文摘Three experiments are carried out for earthquake monitoring using electromagnetic (EM) methods in recent years. Some earthquakes occurred in chance of the measurement time period for each experiment and the anomalies were recorded before the shocks. The observation at a site 20 km away from the epicenter of Zhangbei MS6.2 earthquake in 1998 shows that the apparent resistivity decreases in the strike direction before and/or during the earthquake and the resistivity increases in the de-cline direction. This anomalous variation in apparent resistivity accounts for about 20%. The apparent resistivities at a site in the epicentral area decrease in the strike and decline directions before and/or during the earthquake and increase after shocks. The experiments using artificial electromagnetic signals with super low frequency carried out in 1999 show that the resolution and stability of electric and magnetic spectra are improved. The spectra of electric and magnetic fields and apparent resistivity at the Baodi station began to anomalously change two days before the Qian'an earthquake with 120 km distant to the station. The anomalous variation of electric and magnetic spectra is about twice as great as normal variation and the apparent resistivity changes by about 20%. The measurements in active seismic area of Yunnan province in the year 2005 indicate that the electric and magnetic spectra anomalously change by one order before the Taoyuan earthquake about 100 km away from the observa-tories. But the measurements at the sites in Beijing area 2 000 km away from the epicenter do not show any anomaly. | Guoze Zhao Yan Zhan Lifeng Wang Jijun Wang Ji Tang Qibin Xiao Xiaobin Chen | 2009 | Earthquake Science2009，22，4： | 16 |
| 15 | Detection of ULF electromagnetic emissions as a precursor to two earthquakes in China显示文摘The geomagnetic data recorded by Kashi and Jinghai observatories in China were analyzed with improved polarization method.We compared the result around 0.01 Hz which is thought to be useful to detect the ULF anomaly with the result around 0.1 Hz which was inferred from the earthquake depth according to the skin effect,and found that 0.1 Hz is more proper to detect the ULF anomaly for both earthquakes studied in this paper. | Qi Li Peiyu Zhu Alimj an Mamatemin Xuegong Xu | 2011 | Earthquake Science2011，24，6： | 16 |
| 16 | Imaging 3-D crustal P-wave velocity structure of western Yunnan with bulletin data显示文摘Western Yunnan is a region with intensive tectonic activity and serious earthquake risk.It is of significant importance to study three dimensional crustal structure of this region to understand the tectonic setting and disaster mechanism.Densification and digitalization of seismic networks in this region provides an opportunity to study the velocity structure with bulletin data.In this study,we collect P-wave data of 10 403 regional earthquakes recorded by 79 seismic stations from January 2008 to December 2010.In addition to first arrivals data (Pg with epicentral distance less than 200 km and Pn),the Pg (or P) data with epicentral distance more than 200 km are also considered as later direct arrivals in the tomographic inversion.We also compare the quantity and the quality of the seismic data before 2010 and after 2010.The test results show that adding the follow-up Pg phase can effectively improve the inversion ability of crustal imaging,and quantity and the data quality are significantly improved since 2010.The tomographic results show that:(1) The Honghe fault zone,which is the major fault systems in this region,may cut through the entire crust,and the velocity contrasts between two sides at lower crust beneath the Honghe fault are estimated at higher than 10%,while the velocity difference below Nujiang fault zone extends only in the upper crust;(2) Most of the earthquakes in the region occurred at the interface of high-velocity media and low-velocity media,i.e.,the areas with high velocity gradient,which has been validated in other areas. | Jing Huang Xuejun Liu Youjin Su Baoshan Wang | 2012 | Earthquake Science2012，25，2： | 16 |
| 17 | Crustal stress field in Yunnan: implication for crust-mantle coupling显示文摘We applied the g CAP algorithm to determine239 focal mechanism solutions 3:0 M We 6:0T with records of dense Chin Array stations deployed in Yunnan,and then inverted 686 focal mechanisms(including 447 previous results) for the regional crustal stress field with a damped linear inversion. The results indicate dominantly strike-slip environment in Yunnan as both the maximum(r1) and minimum(r3) principal stress axes are sub-horizontal. We further calculated the horizontal stress orientations(i.e., maximum and minimum horizontal compressive stress axes: S H and S h, respectively) accordingly and found an abrupt change near *26°N. To the north, S H aligns NW-SE to nearly E-W while S h aligns nearly N-S. In contrast, to the south, both S H and S h rotate laterally and show dominantly fan-shaped patterns. The minimum horizontal stress(i.e., maximum strain axis) S h rotates from NW-SE to the west of Tengchong volcano gradually to nearly E-W in west Yunnan, and further toNE-SW in the South China block in the east. The crustal strain field is consistent with the upper mantle strain field indicated by shear-wave splitting observations in Yunnan but not in other regions. Therefore, the crust and upper mantle in Yunnan are coupled and suffering vertically coherent pure-shear deformation in the lithosphere. | Zhigang Xu Zhouchuan Huang Liangshu Wang Mingjie Xu Zhifeng Ding Pan Wang Ning Mi Dayong Yu Hua Li | 2016 | Earthquake Science2016，29，2： | 15 |
| 18 | Time-frequency response spectrum of rotational ground motion and its application显示文摘The rotational seismic motions are estimated from one station records of the 1999 Jiji (Chi-Chi), Taiwan, earthquake based on the theory of elastic plane wave propagation. The time-frequency response spectrum (TFRS) of the rota-tional motions is calculated and its characteristics are analyzed, then the TFRS is applied to analyze the damage mechanism of one twelve-storey frame concrete structure. The results show that one of the ground motion components can not reflect the characteristics of the seismic motions completely; the characteristics of each component, especially rotational motions, need to be studied. The damage line of the structure and TFRS of ground motion are important for seismic design, only the TFRS of input seismic wave is suitable, the structure design is reliable. | Wei Che Qifeng Luo | 2010 | Earthquake Science2010，23，1： | 15 |
| 19 | Preliminary site classification of free-field strong motion stations based on Wenchuan earthquake records显示文摘During the great Wenchuan earthquake, about 460 permanent free-field stations in National Strong Motion Observation Network System (NSMONS) of China captured the main shock acceleration records. These records can be applied to site effect analyses, and then the site classification of those permanent stations can be carried out firstly, which will served as the fundamental information for further research. In this paper, the site of near-fault stations is classified by horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method according to the site class description of Japan earthquake resistant design code and response spectral shapes (RSS) method following the site class description of the 1997 Uniform Building Code (UBC) provisions. Then based on the detailed borehole data of those free-field stations, the equivalent shear wave velocity and overburden thickness are calculated and the site classifications are given by Chinese code for seismic design of buildings. Furthermore, for the stations having successful microtremor test data, the site dominant periods are computed to verify the results of site classification. Finally, combined with all the above results, the recommended site classes of near-fault permanent free-field stations are given. | Ruizhi Wen Yefei Ren Zhenghua Zhou Dacheng Shi | 2010 | Earthquake Science2010，23，1： | 15 |
| 20 | Fault zone structures of northern and southern portions of the main central fault generated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using fault zone trapped waves显示文摘The rupture process of the May 12,2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake was very complex. To study the rupture zones generated by this earthquake,four dense temporary seismic arrays across the two surface breaking traces of the main-shock were deployed in July and recorded a great amount of aftershocks. This paper focuses on the data interpretation of two arrays across the central main fault,the northern array line 1 and southern array line 3. The fault zone trapped waves recorded by the two arrays were used to study the structure of the central main fault and the difference between the northern and southern portions. The results show that the widths of the rupture zone are about 170?200 m and 200?230 m for northern and southern portions respectively. And the corresponding dip angles are 80° and 70°. The seismic velocity inside the fracture zone is about one half of the host rock. By comparison,the northern portion of the rupture zone is slightly narrower and steeper than the southern portion. Besides these differences,one more interesting and important difference is the positions of the rupture zone with respect to surface breaking traces. At the northern portion,the rupture zone is centered at the surface breaking trace,while at the southern portion it is not but is shifted to the northwest. This difference reflects the difference of rupture behaviors between two portions of the central main fault. The width of the rupture zone is smaller than that of M8.1 Kunlun earthquake though these two earthquakes have almost the same magnitudes. Multiple ruptures may be one factor to cause the narrower rupture zone. | Songlin Li Xiaoling Lai Zhixiang Yao Qing Yang | 2009 | Earthquake Science2009，22，4： | 14 |
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