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| 1 | 针对患者利益的机器学习和人工智能研究:在透明性、可重复性、伦理和有效性等方面的20个关键问题显示文摘机器学习(ML)、人工智能(AI)和其他现代统计方法正为利用先前尚未开发且极速增长的数据资源提供新的机会,以期让患者获益。尽管目前正在进行许多有前景的研究,特别是在图像方面,但就文献整体而言还缺乏透明度、对可重复性清晰的阐述、对潜在伦理问题的探究,以及对有效性的明确验证。这些问题的存在有许多原因,其中最重要的一点(为此我们提供了初步解决方案)就是当前缺乏针对ML和AI的最佳实践指南。我们认为从事研究的跨学科团队和应用ML/AI影响健康的项目,将因解决有关透明度、可重复性、伦理和有效性(TREE)的一系列问题而受益。这里提出的20个关键问题为研究团队提供了一个研究设计、实施和报告框架;帮助编辑和同行评审专家评估文献的贡献;让患者、临床医生和政策制定者评估新发现可能会给患者带来的获益。 | Sebastian Vollmer Bilal A Mateen Gergo Bohner Franz J Kirdly Rayid Ghani Pall Jonsson Sarah Cumbers Adrian Jonas Katherine S L McAllister Puja Myles David Granger Mark Birse Richard Branson Karel G M Moons Gary S Collins John P A Chris Holmes Harry Hemingwayp 李峰(译) 徐磊(校) 赵邑(校) | 2020 | 英国医学杂志中文版2020，23，9： | 5 |
| 2 | Testing for HCV Infection: An Update of Guidance for Clinicians and Laboratorians显示文摘 | Getchell Jane P Wroblewski Kelly E DeMaria Alfred Bean Christine L Parker Monica M Pandori Mark Dufour D Robert Busch Michael P Brecher Mark E Meyer William A Pesano Rick L Teo Chong-Gee Beckett Geoffrey A Araujo Aufra C Branson Bernard M D | 2013 | MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report2013，，18： | 3 |
| 3 | Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study显示文摘 | Mark S Pearce Jane A Salotti Mark P Little Kieran McHugh Choonsik Lee Kwang Pyo Kim Nicola L Howe Cecile M Ronckers Preetha Rajaraman Alan W Craft Louise Parker Amy Berrington de González | 2012 | The Lancet . 2012 (9840)2012，，： | 3 |
| 4 | Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study显示文摘 | Julia Granerod Helen E Ambrose Nicholas WS Davies Jonathan P Clewley Amanda L Walsh Dilys Morgan Richard Cunningham Mark Zuckerman Ken J Mutton Tom Solomon Katherine N Ward Michael PT Lunn Sarosh R Irani Angela Vincent David WG Brown Natasha S Crowcroft | 2010 | The Lancet Infectious Diseases2010，，12： | 2 |
| 5 | Exogenous cytokinin application to Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ fruit promotes fruit expansion through water uptake显示文摘Exogenous application of a cytokinin-like compound forchlorfenuron(CPPU)can promote fruit growth,although often at the expense of dry matter(DM),an important indicator of fruit quality.Actinidia chinensis var.deliciosa‘Hayward’fruit are very responsive to CPPU treatments,but the mechanism underlying the significant fruit weight increase and associated decrease in DM is unclear.In this study,we hypothesised that CPPU-enhanced growth increases fruit carbohydrate demand,but limited carbohydrate supply resulted in decreased fruit DM.During fruit development,CPPU effects on physical parameters,metabolites,osmotic pressure and transcriptional changes were assessed under conditions of both standard and a high carbohydrate supply.We showed that CPPU increased fruit fresh weight but the dramatic DM decrease was not carbohydrate limited.Enhanced glucose and fructose concentrations contributed to an increase in soluble carbohydrate osmotic pressure,which was correlated with increased water accumulation in CPPU-treated fruit and up-regulation of water channel aquaporin gene PIP2.4 at 49 days after anthesis.Transcipt analysis suggested that the molecular mechanism contributing to increased glucose and fructose concentrations was altered by carbohydrate supply.At standard carbohydrate supply,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with reduced starch synthesis and increased starch degradation.When carbohydrate supply was high,the early glucose increase in CPPU fruit was associated with a general decrease in starch synthesis but up-regulation of vacuolar invertase and fructokinase genes.We conclude that CPPU affected fruit expansion by increasing the osmotically-driven water uptake and its effect was not carbohydrate supply-limited. | Simona Nardozza Helen L Boldingh Mark W Wohlers Andrew P Gleave Zhiwei Luo Guglielmo Costa Elspeth A MacRae Michael J Clearwater Annette C Richardson | 2017 | Horticulture Research2017，4，1： | 2 |
| 6 | A reliable technique to determine the local mechanical properties at the nanoscale for cementitious materials显示文摘 | MONDAL P SHAH S P MARKS L D | 2007 | Cement and Concrete Research2007，，37： | 1 |
| 7 | PC-SPES : Herbal formulation for prostate cancer 显示文摘 | Marks L S DiPaola R S Nelson P | 2002 | Urology2002，60，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Hepatitis C virus NS3 RNA helicase domain with a bound oligonucleotide: the crystal structure provides insights into the mode of unwinding显示文摘 | Joseph L Kim Kurt A Morgenstern James P Griffith Maureen D Dwyer John A Thomson Mark A Murcko Chao Lin Paul R Caron | 1998 | Structure1998，，1： | 1 |
| 9 | The effects of land-uso history on soil properties and nutrient dynamics in northern hardwood forests of the ad- irondack mountains 显示文摘 | Larry E F Canham C D Marks P L | 2004 | Ecosystems2004，7，2： | 1 |
| 10 | Magnetic resonance imaging of the cavernous sinus显示文摘 | Daniels DL Pech P Mark L | 1985 | AJR1985，144，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Seasonal Variations in Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Drinking Water and Reclaimed Wastewater in Southern California 显示文摘 | Gregory A L Mark E P | 2006 | Environ Set Teehnol2006，40，： | 1 |
| 12 | PC-SPES: herbal formulation for prostate cancer显示文摘 | Marks L S DiPaola R S Nelson P | 2002 | Urology2002，60，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Topical retinoic acid for treatment of solar damage显示文摘 | Lever L Kumar P Marks R | 1990 | Br J Dermatol1990，122，： | 1 |
| 14 | Dietary Fiber, Weight Gain, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Adults 显示文摘 | David S L Mark A P Candyce H K | 1999 | American Medical Association1999，282，16： | 1 |
| 15 | Inflammatory cytokine profiles associated with chondraldamage in the anterior cruciate liga- ment-deficient knee 显示文摘 | Marks P H Donaldson M L | 2005 | Arthroscopy2005，21，11： | 1 |
| 16 | Extraction of membrane proteins by differential solubilization for separation using twodimensional gel electrophoresis显示文摘 | Mark P M Herbert B R David J L | 1998 | Electrophoresis1998，19，： | 1 |
| 17 | Are batter anesthetics neeted in fisheries显示文摘 | MARKING L L MEYER F P | 1985 | Fisheries1985，10，6： | 1 |
| 18 | The role of three dimensional functional lung in radiation treatment planning:the functional dose-volume histogram显示文摘 | Marks L B Spencer D P Sherouse G W | 1995 | Int J Radiat Onco Biol Phys1995，33，： | 1 |
| 19 | Magnetic resonance imaging of the cavernous sinus显示文摘 | Daniel DL Pech P Mark L | 1984 | AJR1984，144，： | 1 |
| 20 | A Distributed Hydrology-Vegetation Model for Complex Terrain 显示文摘 | Mark S W Lance W V Dennis P L | 1994 | Water Resources Research1994，30，6： | 1 |
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