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| 1 | THEORY OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS显示文摘In response to a stimulus,a soft material deforms,and the deformation provides a function.We call such a material a soft active material (SAM).This review focuses on one class of soft active materials: dielectric elastomers.When a membrane of a dielectric elastomer is subject to a voltage through its thickness,the membrane reduces thickness and expands area,possibly straining over 100%.The dielectric elastomers are being developed as transducers for broad applications,including soft robots,adaptive optics,Braille displays,and electric generators.This paper reviews the theory of dielectric elastomers,developed within continuum mechanics and thermodynamics,and motivated by molecular pictures and empirical observations.The the-ory couples large deformation and electric potential,and describes nonlinear and nonequilibrium behavior,such as electromechanical instability and viscoelasticity.The theory enables the finite element method to simulate transducers of realistic configurations,predicts the efficiency of elec-tromechanical energy conversion,and suggests alternative routes to achieve giant voltage-induced deformation.It is hoped that the theory will aid in the creation of materials and devices. | Zhigang Suo (School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Kavli Institute for Nanobio Science and Technology,Harvard University,Cambridge,MA 02138,USA) | 2010 | Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica2010，23，6： | 37 |
| 2 | Lessons from Rotor 37显示文摘NASA rotor 37 was used as a ’blind’ test case for turbomachinery CFD by the Turbimachinery Com-mittee of the IGTI. The rotor is a transonic compressor with a tip speed of 454 m/s (15OO ft/s) anda relatively high pressure ratio of 2.1. It was tested in isolation with a circumferentially uniform inletflow so that the flow through it should be steady apart from any effects of passage to passage geometry variation and mechanical vibration. As such it represents the simplest possible type of test forthree-dimensional turbomachinery flow solvers. However, the rotor still presents a real challenge to3D viscous flow solvers because the shock wave-boundary layer interaction is strong and the effects ofviscosity are dominant in determining the flow deviation and hence the pressure ratio. Eleven ’blind’solutions were submitted and in addition a ’non-blind’ solution was used to prepare for the exercise-This paper reviews the fiow in the test case and the comparisons of the CFD solutions with the testdata. Lessons for both the Flow Physics in transonic has and for the application of CFD to suchmachines are pointed out. | J.D. Denton(Whittle Laboratory Cambridge University Engineering Dept., Cambridge, England) | 1997 | Journal of Thermal Science1997，6，1： | 29 |
| 3 | Epigenetic regulation: methylation of histone and non-histone proteins显示文摘Histone methylation is believed to play important roles in epigenetic memory in various biological processes. However, questions like whether the methylation marks themselves are faithfully transmit- ted into daughter cells and through what mechanisms are currently under active investigation. Previ- ously, methylation was considered to be irreversible, but the recent discovery of histone lysine de- methylases revealed a dynamic nature of histone methylation regulation on four of the main sites of methylation on histone H3 and H4 tails (H3K4, H3K9, H3K27 and H3K36). Even so, it is still unclear whether demethylases specific for the remaining two sites, H3K79 and H4K20, exist. Furthermore, be- sides histone proteins, the lysine methylation and demethylation also occur on non-histone proteins, which are probably subjected to similar regulation as histones. This review discusses recent pro- gresses in protein lysine methylation regulation focusing on the above topics, while referring readers to a number of recent reviews for the biochemistry and biology of these enzymes. | LAN Fei1 & SHI Yang 2 1 Department of Biology, Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 148 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 2 Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louise Pasteur, Boston MA, 02115, USA | 2009 | Science China(Life Sciences)2009，52，4： | 27 |
| 4 | Arsenic trioxide promotes mitochondrial DNA mutation and cell apoptosis in primary APL cells and NB4 cell lines显示文摘This study aimed to investigate the effects of arsenic trioxide(As2O3) on the mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) of acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL) cells.The NB4 cell line was treated with 2.0 μmol/L As2O3 in vitro,and the primary APL cells were treated with 2.0 μmol/L As2O3 in vitro and 0.16 mg kg-1 d-1 As2O3 in vivo.The mitochondrial DNA of all the cells above was amplified by PCR,directly sequenced and analyzed by Sequence Navigatore and Factura software.The apoptosis rates were assayed by flow cytometry.Mitochondrial DNA mutation in the D-loop region was found in NB4 and APL cells before As2O3 use,but the mutation spots were remarkably increased after As2O3 treatment,which was positively correlated to the rates of cellular apoptosis,the correlation coefficient:rNB4-As2O3=0.973818,and rAPL-As2O3=0.934703.The mutation types include transition,transversion,codon insertion or deletion,and the mutation spots in all samples were not constant and regular.It is revealed that As2O3 aggravates mtDNA mutation in the D-loop region of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells both in vitro and in vivo.Mitochondrial DNA might be one of the targets of As2O3 in APL treatment. | MENG Ran1,ZHOU Jin2,SUI Meng3,LI ZhiYong4,FENG GuoSheng1 & YANG BaoFeng2 1 Division of Neurology,the Ninth Clinical Medical College of Beijing University(Shijitan Hospital),Beijing 100038,China 2 The First Hospital of Harbin Medical University,Harbin 150001,China 3 Management Information System,University of International Business and Economics,Beijing 100029,China 4 Department of Radiology,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Box 219 Level 5,Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ,UK | 2010 | Science China(Life Sciences)2010，53，1： | 10 |
| 5 | Thermoelastic properties of sandwich materials with pin-reinforced foam cores显示文摘Pin-reinforced foam is a novel type of sandwich core materials formed by inserting pins(trusses) into a foam matrix to create a truss-like network reinforced foam core.Upon loading,the pins deform predominantly by local stretching whilst the deformation of foam is governed by local bending.This paper presents a theoretical study on the thermoelasticity of pin-reinforced foam sandwich cores.To calculate the effective thermoelastic properties of pin-reinforced foam cores,the energy-based homogenization approach is employed to develop a micromechanics-based model,calibrated by the existing experimental data.It is found that the stiffness of the sandwich core is mainly governed by pin reinforcements:the foam matrix contributes little to sandwich stiffness.Compared with traditional foam cores without pin reinforcements,the changes in inplane thermal expansion coefficients are not vigorous as a result of pin reinforcements,while the through-thickness thermal expansion coefficient changes significantly.It is also demonstrated that it is possible to design materials with zero or negative thermal expansion coefficients under such a context. | LU TianJian1,LIU Tao2,3 & DENG ZiChen2,4 1 MOE Key Laboratory of Strength and Vibration,School of Aerospace,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China 2 Department of Engineering Mechanics,Northwestern Polytechnical University,Xi’an 710072,China 3 Department of Engineering,University of Cambridge,Cambridge CB2 1PZ,UK 4 State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis of Industrial Equipment,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China | 2008 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2008，51，12： | 10 |
| 6 | IN SITU TEM STUDY ON THE R-PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN TiNi ALLOY显示文摘INSITUTEMSTUDYONTHER-PHASETRANSFORMATIONINTiNiALLOYCHENQing;WUXingfangandC.J.Humphreys(DepartmentofMaterialsPhysics,Universit... | CHEN Qing WU Xingfang and C. J. Humphreys(Department of Materials Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)(Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CBZ 3QZ, U. K.) | 1996 | Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters)1996，9，3： | 10 |
| 7 | COMPOSITE SOFT SWITCHING CONFIGURATION FOR INVERTERS USING BRIDGE LEG MODULES显示文摘The use of either lossless snubbers or resonant zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) techniques can increase efficiency and reduce electromagnetic inter ference (EMI) and noise of industrial power equipment at high switching frequencies. This paper presents an adaptive composite soft switching configuration which combines snubber functions and resonant ZCS circuits for switches in inverters using power bridge leg modules. Simulation and experimental results are included. | He Xiangning Yang Yuwen (Dept of Electrical Eng., Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027)Kuang Sheng(Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.)Barry W. Williams Stephen J. Finney(Dept. of Computing & Electrical Eng., Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.) | 2001 | Journal of Electronics(China)2001，18，1： | 7 |
| 8 | Setting up a dynamic language testing system in national language test reform:the Public English Test System(PETS)in China显示文摘 | Michael Milanovic, University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate Lynda Taylor, University of Cambridge Local iExaminations Syndicate | 1999 | 外国语1999，22，3： | 6 |
| 9 | Morphological variation in fossil crayfish of the Jehol biota,Liaoning Province,China and its texonomic discrimination显示文摘Twelve morphological characteristics in 61 fossil crayfish specimens, which came from the Upper Jurassic Yixian Formation, are discussed respectively in the present paper. A study of these new and better preserved materials allows us to add to and revise the original description for Family Cricoidoscelosidae. In our collection, no modifications of the second pleopod of the males have yet been noted. This would be a crucial factor for the diagnosis of the family. Based on the presence of annulus ventralis in both Cricoidoscelosus and Palaeocambarus, they would appear to be very closely allied to those characteristics of the Family Cambaridae. In regard to the family Protastacidae, we seriously doubt it is actually crayfish, in light of the lack of any apomorphies identifiable within the Astacida, and their marine habitat. | SHEN Yanbin, Frederick R. Schram & Rod S. Taylor Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, P. O. Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom | 2001 | Chinese Science Bulletin2001，46，1： | 6 |
| 10 | The Erythropoietin Receptor: Dimerization and Intracellular Signal Transduction显示文摘Erythropoietin (EPO), a 34 kD glycopro-tein, is the principal growth factor regulating theproduction of circulating erythrocytes; EPO isessential for committed CFU - E erythroid pro-genitors to divide several times and then to dif-ferentiate into erythrocytes. Like most receptorsfor hematopoietic growth factors, the erythro-poietin receptor (EPO - R) is a type I trans-membrane protein and a member of the cytokinereceptor superfamily. These receptors containfour conserved cysteines and a Trp - Ser - X - | WU Hong Harvey F Lodish(Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center Cambridge MA 02142 USA) (Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA) | 1996 | 中国实验血液学杂志1996，4，3： | 4 |
| 11 | Energetics and Propagation of Coronal Mass Ejections in Different Plasma Environments显示文摘Based on previous work, we investigate the propagation of CMEs in amore realistic plasma environment than the isothermal atmosphere, and find thatMach number MA for the inflow into the reconnection site has to be at least 0.013in order to give a plausible eruption (compared to MA = 0.005 for the isothermalatmosphere). Taking MA = 0.1, we find that the energy output and the electricfield induced inside the current sheet match the temporal behavior inferred fromthe energetic, long duration, CME-associated X-ray events. The results indicatethat catastrophic loss of equilibrium in the coronal magnetic field provides the mostpromising mechanism for major solar eruptions, and that the more energetic theeruption is, the earlier the associated flare peaks. The variation of the output powerwith the background field strength revealed by our calculations implies the poor cor-relation between slow CMEs and solar flares. This work also further confirms theexplanation we proposed for the peculiar motion of giant X-ray arches and anoma-lous post-flare loops. Their kinematic pattern and observed heights are determined by the local Alfven speed and its variation with height. | Jun LinHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA | 2002 | Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics2002，2，6： | 4 |
| 12 | Studies of solar flares and CMEs related to the space solar missions in the future显示文摘Solar eruptions and the related processes involve magnetic fields and plasma flows of various scales in both time and space. These processes include the convective motions of the mass and magnetic field in the photosphere, evolutions of magnetic fields in both the chromosphere and the corona prior to and during the disruption of magnetic fields in response to the photospheric motions. These evolutions constitute a whole process of transporting the magnetic energy and the helicity from the photosphere to the corona, and then to interplanetary space. The present work, on the basis of a solar eruption model, discusses these processes, and the related questions, unanswerable at present, but could be the scientific objectives of the space solar missions in the future. | LIN Jun1,21 National Astronomical Observatories/Yunnan Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650011, China 2 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA | 2009 | Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy)2009，52，11： | 3 |
| 13 | Recent Advance in the Electrochemical Detection of Sulphide and Sulphhydryl Species显示文摘This article aims at providing a critical review of some most recent developments in the electrochemical detection and measurement of hydrogen sulphide and the related species, which are of great significance to a variety of industries and in environmental moitoring. The molecular recognition processes are initiated by using either an organic precursor or a catalytic complex, leading to extensive ranges of detection. A series of advanced chemical and simulation techniques are used to probe the mechanistic details of the analytical chemistry involved. | Nathan S. Lawrence 1, Timothy G. J. Jones 2, Richard G. Compton 1 and Li Jiang 2 1. Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK 2. Schlumberger Cambridge Research, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, | 2002 | Chemical Research in Chinese Universities2002，18，2： | 2 |
| 14 | Metallurgy, the Father of Materials Science显示文摘The evolution of the discipline of materials science during the second half of the twentieth century is outlined. The concept emerged in the USA, almost simultaneously in an academic metallurgy department and in an avant garde industrial research laboratory, and its development subsequently all over the world has been a joint enterprise involving universities, industrial laboratories and government establishments. The initial impetus came unambiguously from the well established discipline of physical metallurgy, but from the 1960s onwards, the input from solid state physicists grew very rapidly, while materials chemistry is a later addition. Of all the many subdivisions of modern materials science, polymer science has been the slowest to fit under the umbrella of the broad discipline; its concepts are very different from those familiar to metallurgists. Two fields have contributed mightily to the creation of modern materials science: One is nuclear energy and, more specifically, the study of radiation damage, the other is the huge field of electronic and opto electronic materials in which physics, chemistry and metallurgy are seamlessly combined. | Robert W. CahnDepartment of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Cambridge University, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK | 2002 | Tsinghua Science and Technology2002，7，1： | 2 |
| 15 | Clinical outcome in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with B lymphocyte depletion显示文摘 | Leandro MJ Edwards JC Cambridge G | 2002 | Ann Rheum Dis2002，61，： | 1 |
| 16 | Mutations in an ooeyte-derived growth factor gene(BMP15) cause increased ovulation rate and infertility in a dosage- sensitive manner显示文摘 | Galloway S M McNatty K P Cambridge L M | 2000 | Nature Genetics2000，25，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Mutations in an oocyte-derived growth factor gene(BMP15) cause increased ovulation rate and infertility in a dosage-sensitive manner显示文摘 | Galloway S M McNatty K P Cambridge L M | 2000 | Nat Genet2000，25，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Mutations in an oocyte-derived growth factor gene(BMP15)cause increased ovulation rate and infertility in a dosage-sensitive manner显示文摘 | Galloway S M Mc Natty K P Cambridge L M | 2000 | Nat Genet2000，25，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Do self-perpetua- ting B lymphocytes drive human autoirnrnune disease 显示文摘 | Edwards JC Cambridge G Abrahams VM | 1999 | 7 Immunology1999，97，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Reconstitution of peripheral blood B cells after depletion with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis 显示文摘 | Leandro MJ Cambridge G Ehrenstein MR | 2006 | Arthritis Rheum2006，54，2： | 1 |
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