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| 1 | Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: An update and implications for treatment显示文摘AIM: To provide an update on the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, staging and management of rectal squamous cell carcinoma(SCC).METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE was performed with the reference list of selected articles reviewed to ensure all relevant publications were captured. The search strategy was limited to the English language, spanning from 1946 to 2015. A qualitative analysis was undertaken examining patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and outcome. The quantitaive analysis was limited to data extracted on treatment and outcomes including radiological, clinical and pathological complete response where available. The narrative and quantitative review were synthesised in concert.RESULTS: The search identified 487 articles in total with 79 included in the qualitative review. The quantitative analysis involved 63 articles, consisting of 43 case reports and 20 case series with a total of 142 individual cases. The underlying pathogenesis of rectal SCC while unclear, continues to be defined, with increasing evidence of a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence and a possible role for human papilloma virus in this progression. The presentation is similar to rectal adenocarcinoma, with a diagnosis confirmed by endoscopic biopsy. Many presumed rectal SCC's are in fact an extension of an anal SCC, and cytokeratin markers are a useful adjunct in this distinction. Staging is most accurately reflected by the tumour-nodemetastasis classification for rectal adenocarcinoma. It involves examining locoregional disease by way of magnetic resonance imaging and/or endorectal ultrasound, with systemic spread excluded by way of computed tomography. Positron emission tomography is integral in the workup to exclude an external siteof primary SCC with metastasis to the rectum. While the optimal treatment remains as yet undefined, recent studies have demonstrated a global shift away from surgery towards definitive chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment. Pooled overall survival was calculated to be 86% in patients managed with chemoradiation compared with 48% for those treated traditionally with surgery. Furthermore, local recurrence and metastatic rates were 25% vs 10% and 30% vs 13% for the chemoradiation vs conventional treatment cohorts.CONCLUSION: The changing paradigm in the treatment of rectal SCC holds great promise for improved outcomes in this rare disease. | Glen R Guerra Cherng H Kong Satish K Warrier Andrew C Lynch Alexander G Heriot Samuel Y Ngan | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，3： | 5 |
| 2 | Beta-adrenergic-dependent and -independent actions of naloxone on perfusion during endotoxin shock显示文摘 | Dziki A J Lynch W H Ramsey C B | 1993 | Circ Shock1993，39，1： | 2 |
| 3 | A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of sertraline for depressive symptoms in patients with stable,chronic schizophrenis 显示文摘 | Mulholland C Lynch G King D J | 2003 | J Psychopharmacol2003，17，： | 1 |
| 4 | Heteronuclear 2D NMR studies of an engineered insulin monomer:assignment and characterization of the receptor-bingding surface by selective 2H and 13C labeling with application to protein design显示文摘 | Hua Q X Lynch C S | 1991 | Biochemistry1991，30，： | 1 |
| 5 | The cracked tooth syndrome显示文摘 | Lynch C D McConnell R J | 2002 | J Can Dent Assoc2002，68，8： | 1 |
| 6 | Herbal supplement sales experience slight increase in 2008 显示文摘 | Cavaliere C Rea P Lynch ME | 2009 | Herbal Gram2009，82，： | 1 |
| 7 | The effects of growth hormone and IGF-1 deficiency on cerebrovascular and brain aging 显示文摘 | SONNTAG W E LYNCH C THORNTON P | 2000 | J Anat2000，197，： | 1 |
| 8 | Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA (c)gene in transgenic peanut plants and its efficacy against lesser cornstalk borer显示文摘 | Singsit C Adang M J Lynch R E | 1997 | Transgenic Research1997，6，： | 1 |
| 9 | The B - Lynch surgical tochnique for the control of postpartum hemorrhage 显示文摘 | B - Lynch C | 1997 | Br J Obste Gynecol1997，104，3： | 1 |
| 10 | 查看详情显示文摘 | D W Yoon D E Gross V M Lynch J M Sessler B P Hay C H Lee | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 11 | The effect of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on herbage production when applied at different times and rates in the autumn and winter显示文摘 | O'Connor PJ Hennessy D Brophy C O'Donovan M Lynch MB | 2012 | Agricultural Ecosystems & Environment2012，152，： | 1 |
| 12 | Salience Network-based clas- sification and prediction of symptom severity in children with autism 显示文摘 | Uddin LQ Supekar K Lynch C J | 2013 | JAMA Psychiatry2013，70，： | 1 |
| 13 | The magnetless Clarion cochlear implant in a patient with neurofibromatosis 2显示文摘 | Graham J Lynch C Weber B | 1999 | J Laryngol and Otol1999，113，： | 1 |
| 14 | Herbal supplement sales rise in all channels in 2009 显示文摘 | Cavaliere C Rea P Lynch M E | 2010 | HerbalGram2010，86，2： | 1 |
| 15 | The effect of treating bacterial vaginosis On preterm labor 显示文摘 | TEBES CC LYNCH C SINNOTT J | 2003 | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol2003，11，2： | 1 |
| 16 | Assessing screening tests:extensions of McNemar's test显示文摘 | Lachenbruch P A Lynch C J | 1998 | Statistics in Medicine1998，17，19： | 1 |
| 17 | A New Potential Energy Surface for H2Br and Its Use to Calculate Branching Ratios and Kinetic Isotope Effects for the H+ HBr Reaction显示文摘 | LYNCH G C TRUHLAR D G BROWN F B | 1995 | J Phys Chem1995，，99： | 1 |
| 18 | Hospital Episode Statistics data analysis of postoperative venous thromboembolus in patients undergoing urological surgery: a review of 126, 891 cases 显示文摘 | DyerJ Wyke S Lynch C | 2013 | Ann R Coll Surg Engl2013，95，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice显示文摘 | Huszar D Lynch C A Fairchild H V | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 20 | CCR5 antagonists:bicyclic isoxazolidines as conformationally constrained N-(l)-substituted pyrolidines显示文摘 | LYNCH C L GENTRY A L HALE J J | | 0，，04： | 1 |
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